Chapter 17 - The Civil War

Abraham Lincoln

• 1856 - Joined Republican Party
• 1858 - Ran against Stephen Douglas
• ^^Achievements included the Lincoln-Douglas debates + inaugural address + Gettysburg Address during the Civil War^^
• After he won the election of 1860, the South seceded
• Famous for the Emancipation Proclamation
• Andrew Johnson served as his VP in the Election of 1864
• Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth

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Jefferson Davis

• Famous for his contributions to the Black Hawk War + Mexican War
• Democrat
• 1861 - Served as the President of the Confederate States of America
  • Authoritarian
  • Held back by states’ rights
• Imprisoned from 1865-1867

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Fort Sumter

• South Carolina
• 1861 - Fired upon by Confederates
• ^^Lincoln responded militarily, which is believed to have provoked a Confederate attack in response^^

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Border States

• 1861 - 4 border states stayed, 4 border states seceded
• Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia
• If they were allowed not to have slavery, they were convinced not to secede
• Lincoln used military force + police powers, which was unconstitutional

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Robert E. Lee

• Declined offer to lead Union army
• 1862 - Became Commander of Confederacy instead
• ^^1865 - Surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, ending the Civil War^^
• Urged a peaceful end to war

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Forts Henry and Donelson

• Ulysses S. Grant captured both forts
• Marked a major Union victory
• Grant kept Kentucky from seceding

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Ulysses S. Grant

• 1863 - Became commander of Union forces
• ^^Victories at Vicksburg + the freeing of the Mississippi River^^
• Called a butcher of his own men
• Elected president in 1868
  • There were many scandals during his presidency in the Gilded Age

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First Battle of Bull Run

• 1861
• Because “Stonewall” Jackson refused to retreat, it ended as a Southern victory
• Caused the first realization that the Civil War would be long and bloody

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Trent Affair

• The Trent was a British ship
• ^^A conflict that almost resulted in the British allying with the Confederates during the Civil War^^

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Shiloh

• 1862 - Fought in western Tennessee
• Resulted in a Union victory
• Caused the Confederacy to lose Albert Sydney Johnston
• ^^Almost caused the end to Ulysses Grant’s career^^

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Monitor v. Merrimac

• 1862
• The Merrimac, a Confederate ship, was destroying wooden Union ships
• Ended in a draw
• The Merrimac avoided capture

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Alabama

• Was a successful Confederate raider
• ^^Was a source of diplomatic crisis between the UK + US^^

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Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson

• A brilliant Confederate commander
• Led victories in the Shenandoah Valley + Chancellorsville
• His death in 1863 hurt the Confederacy

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Antietam

• 1862
• ^^The bloodiest one-day battle in US history^^
• Robert E. Lee’s retreat was good news for the Union
• Sparked the Emancipation Proclamation
• Stopped foreign support of Confederacy

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Emancipation Proclamation

• 1863
• Put forward a moral justification for the Civil War
• Recruitment of Black soldiers
• ^^All Southern states that had been conquered by the Union were forced to follow it^^

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Fredericksburg

• 1862
• Setback for Union
• Severe Union casualties

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Gettysburg

• 1863
• Large + crucial battle
• Unsuccessful Confederate attacks (ex. Pickett’s Charge)
• ^^Doomed the Confederacy for the rest of the war^^

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Siege of Vicksburg

• 1863
• General Grant’s siege resulted in the Confederate’s hold on the Mississippi River falling
• Demoralized the South
• Geographically split the Confederacy

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Sherman’s March to the Sea

• 1864
• Marched from Atlanta to Savannah
• ^^“Total war”^^ ^^- Making war on civilians’ property (like destroying fields, killing animals, etc.)^^
• Further demoralized South

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Election of 1864

• 1864
• Reelected Lincoln
• Andrew Johnson served as Lincoln’s VP
• Defeated Copperheads

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Copperheads

• ^^Northern Democrats opposed to Civil War^^
• 1863 - Openly attacked Lincoln + his war policies
• 1864 - Supported George McClellan in election

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Appomattox Courthouse

• 1865 - General Lee surrendered to General Grant
• Lee urged his men to surrender + return to a normal, peaceful life after the end of the war

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Conscription

• 1862 - Conscription began for Confederacy
• 1863 - Conscription began for Union
• Needed troops
• New York Draft Riots
  • ^^Irish immigrants lynched + destroyed the property of African Americans^^
  • Put down by troops

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Greenbacks

• 1861
• ^^Paper currency printed during the Civil War^^
• Because it wasn’t backed by precious metals, a high amount of inflation resulted

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BIG PICTURE

• Civil War - Opposing interpretations of fed. gov’t
• Total warfare - Civil populations + resources attacked + destroyed
• Abraham Lincoln’s skillful management → Role model + legacy
• End of Civil War → More powerful + authoritative fed. gov’t
• Consequences - Changing race relationships + economic transformations

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