AP European History: Unit 3 Vocab

Fronde!

A Violent civil uprisings against the monarchy erupted between 1648 and 1653 to check the growing power of France's royal government. This series of uprisings was known as The _____

(French for "slingshot" after the rocks protesters threw). The _____ was not successful, but it ultimately scarred young Louis XIV so deeply that he intensified his absolutism for the rest of his reign. The failure of The ____ did reveal the inability of the French nobility and Parliament to lead the nation effectively at that time.

Results for question 2.

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Catalan Revolts in Spain

in Spain The ______ was the Catalan backlash to King Philip II's attempts to english Catalonia's people and resources to fight against the French. This was due to Spain facing military threat from France, later on attempting to centralize the powers and raise taxes to fund the wars.

Jan Hus

____ was a reformer for the Catholic Church before the Protestant Reformation. He spread teachings with strong influence which led to increased Bohemian resistance to the Catholic Church and the formation of a new Bohemian identity that continued throughout the 30 years war.

Defenestration

This is the process of throwing a person or thing out of a window. The ______ of Prague signaled a start for Bohemian revolt against Habsburg Ferdinand II, marking a phase in the 30 yrs war after Bohemian nobles in Poland threw 2 Ferdinand representatives out of the window.

James I

____ was an absolute monarch from the time periods of 1603-1625 and he believed in the Divine Right of Kings. This idea indicated that he had received his royal power from God and therefore was considered as one of God's representatives. He is known for his issues regarding Parliament as he rejected the Puritans ideas of purifying the Anglican Church from Catholic doctrines.

Charles I

He was the monarch during the English civil war in England. After his dismissal of the English Parliament, he attempted to use arbitrary government orders to finance the country. He was defeated and beheaded.

Oliver Cromwell

He was an English military, political, and religious leader that won the English Civil War by developing the "New Model Army." He called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England he ruled as a dictator. He divided England into 12 military districts, crushed an Irish rebellion, censored the press, and pursued mercantilist policies(like the Navigation Act).

English Civil War

The _____ sparked from Puritans believing that the Stuart monarchs were desiring to make England into a absolute catholic monarchy. The _____ involved the Parliamentarians who were the roundheads, wanting change within the church. They didn't want a change in the Anglican church but the Royalists involved the Cavaliers who supported the idea of a absolute monarchy. The Parliamentarian army also known as the New Model army was taken under Oliver Cromwell's control, succeeding and executing the absolute monarch Charles I.

Cavaliers

The_____ were aristocrats, nobles, and church officials who desired a stronger monarchy and a Catholic version of the Anglican Church. They were heavily loyal to the king and fought against the roundheads in the English Civil War who did not support the king and wanted reform.

Roundheads

They were not loyal to the King. They were comprised of Puritans, townspeople, middle-class Presbyterians that wanted a limited (Parliamentary) Monarchy.

Long Parliament

In its first session, from November 1640 to September 1641, it took a series of steps that placed severe limitations on royal authority. Which included the abolition of arbitrary courts; the abolition of taxes that the king had collected without Parliament's consent, such as ship money; and the passage of the revolutionary Triennial Act, which specified that Parliament must meet at least once every three years, with or without the king's consent.

Glorious Revolution

They called on James II's Dutch son-in-law William of Orange, a Protestant, to invade and depose the king. James Il fled, abdicating the throne. William of Orange ruled as King William III with his wife, Mary II. The accession of William and Mary to the throne became known as the ______. When the new monarchs took power in 1689, Parliament required that they accept a Bill of Rights. This document, also known as the Declaration of Right, limited the monarchs's powers by protecting some of Parliament's

English Bill of Rights

In addition, the

declared that some members of Parliament would be chosen through elections (by a small part of the population), that the monarch could not keep a standing army, and that government could not use excessive fines or cruel punishments. However, it did not grant equality for Catholics. By forcing the monarch to share power with Parliament, this document created a constitutional monarchy. It had a major impact on the writing of the United States Constitution.

Right to free debate

Taxation permission

Laws with consent

Monarch can't be Catholic

Parliament could many sessions

Only dissolved by consent

Establish due process for arrest/detainment

Parliamentary sovereignty

_______ is the limiting of the monarch's powers while increasing Parliament's rights/authority. This idea was involved in the creation of the English Bill of Rights as Parliament begun having more say on the approval of laws, taxes, and other conditions.

English Parliament

England begun developing a constitutional monarchy which consisted of the ______, limiting the power of the monarch. The monarchy now had to follow certain rules and consent under Parliament, with Parliament gaining power. The Parliament created the English Bill of Rights to regulate the monarch's power to prevent unfair laws and methods from being carried out by the king or queen.

Aristocracy

An _____ is the highest class in societies, holding hereditary titles or offices, normally consisting of nobles. After the English Bill of Rights went into effect, England became a Constitutional Monarchy, controlled mainly by the aristocratic oligarchy. During the Glorious Revolution, aristocrats in Britain were allowed to invest in commercial/industrial ventures, being able to tax and fund public works to profit. They profited from cheaper transportation costs and were able to stabilize the economy.

Charles II

After Oliver Cromwell and his son died, Parliament's New Model Army removed Richard and reinstated the monarch. ______ became king during the Restoration period where Parliament restored the monarchy. He had fought to restore the monarchy, being supported by the English and Irish Royalists. The scotts supported Charles II while caused a divide within the Commonwealth which was created by Oliver Cromwell. The issues of the relationship between Parliament and King remained and a issue of Succession also sustained when he was king.

James II

He was king after Charles II. He appointed Catholics to positions of power. He Dispensed the "Declaration of Indulgences" which granted religious freedom to all. When his second wife had a son, he fled England and William and Mary assumed the throne.

Capitalism

______ is the idea of capital (wealth) being invested to produce more capital, involving the privatization of land, materials, being motivated by the goals to gain profits by Early modern Europe in a market economy.

putting-out system

The _____, involved in the cottage industries expanded during this era. Due to previous guild regulations disrupting productions, entrepreneurs provided cloth, looms, and supplies to rural families. It led to a increase in cloth production. The wool industry was a example where British farmers specialized in raising sheep and producing wool while the spinners wove these clothes and fabrics in warehouses, being provided insurance for all the goods.

cottage industry

The _____ is the same as the putting out system which was the main system before the widespread growth of factories during the Industrial Revolution. It was where merchants employed people such as weavers and spinners to work from home, making products with workers being paid on a piece basis. This was known as proto-industrialization because of the increased numbers of home laborers for markets.

Agricultural Revolution

The ______ increased productivity of the supply of food and agricultural products. Importation of goods from the Americas helped lead to a food surplus in Europe.

Price Revolution

The ______ was the result of inflation from gold and silver discoveries in the Americas/New World by Spain. It caused for nation-centered economic systems to replace the guild systems.

Commercial Revolution

The _____ was a period of unprecedented expansion of commerce and trade. This expansion occurred for the desire of silks and spices from Asia, driving advancements in shipping and explorations. It increased the English middle class and it became larger than any other country besides the Dutch. Due to the revolution, England was able to use their wealth to finance Joint-stock companies, promoting colonies in North America.

Joint-Stock Companies

A _______ is a corporation where shareholders are able to buy stock, raising capital and spreading risk across investors. An example of the Dutch East and Dutch West India Company.

Bourgeoisie

It's the French word for the middle class. The new professional urban class of merchants/lawyers/etc.

Middle Passage

The ______ was the trans-atlantic slave trade journey from West Africa to the West Indies where Europeans captured enslaved people and carried them to the new World to perform coerced labor. Many died from epidemics, abuse, and raids.

Triangle Trade

The ______connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas, involving the capturing of natives to support the plantation economy. The slaves were then taken to the Americas where they produced sugar, molasses, cotton, and rice on plantations, then being sent to Europe. They imported and exported goods harvested and grown by slaves, enriching the European slave trading nations.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. Pred

Consumer Culture

As slave labor caused for costs to remain low and as new technologies changed raw materials into finished goods, this idea of affordability and abundance allowed for people to desire improved social status by buying beautiful furnishing, clothes, and wanted items.

Dutch Republic

The_________ did not have a monarch and instead had estates representing the 7 provines with a stadholder. Their legislative body was the Estates General which determined military and foreign policy issues. They had an oligarchy where a specific class controlled the government. The Dutch Netherlands became independent from the Habsburg Monarchy, allowing for each of the north Dutch provinces to became politically independent. They were not governed by absolute ruler with political power being passed through wealthy merchants. The ______ was the leading European commercial power during the 1600s with Amsterdam being Europe's main financial center. They soon replaced the Italians as the main bankers of Europe, with the establishment of the Amsterdam Exchange Bank. Merchants and financiers held most of the power and their trade remained dominant. Their official religion was the Calvinist Reformed church with their philosophies and sciences prospering.

Dutch West Company

The purpose of the _____ was to open trade in North and South America, challenging Spanish trade. Like the Dutch East Indian Company, it was a joint stock company where shareholders had the ability to purchase stock. The profits from this trade allowed for the Dutch to prosper by receiving spices, goods, and etc.

Dutch East India Company

It was founded in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British.

Dutch War

The _____ started due to Dutch resistance against the Spanish Netherlands. The _____was an attempt for France, helped by England to gain the Spanish Netherlands. The Dutch stopped French advances, making peace through certain treaties. The _____ consisted of Spain giving up territory in the Spanish Netherlands to France, where William of Orange created the anti-French coalition. It ended with the Peace of Westphalia.

Nine Years' War

The ______ put France against the Dutch, Spain, England, Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Duchy. The ______ was the event where Louis XIV was able to keep Alsace but lost the resource filled land of Lorraine. Louis had to accept William of Orange as the rightful heir of England

War of the Spanish Succession

It began when Charles II of Spain died without an heir and left the Spanish throne to Louis XIV's (France) grandson, Philip of Anjou. This led European nations to fear Louis XIV would merge the French/Spanish thrones and create a more powerful monarchy. As a result, England formed the Grand Alliance.

Habsburgs

The ______ led Spain to dominate Europe politically and military. The family created a dynasty with emperors and kings for the Holy Roman Empire. Spain under their rule was made up of small kingdoms. They repressed revolts in Naples and Sciily, 2 Italian territories to support Spanish war efforts. They recognized the independence of the Netherlands and eventually suffered a decline when they lost territory to France in the wars of religion.

Gustavus Adolphus

______ ascended the throne of Sweden, inheriting a crisis with wars involving Denmark,Poland, and Russia. He settled issues between the nobility and monarch by enlisting them into the government and provided many economic benefits. He also created a supreme court, national treasury, and a war office, making the central administration more modern. He also created more flexible and responsive military units with many offensive strats, creating a larger and a lasting standing army.

Battle of Vienna

It marked a turning point in history—the end of Ottoman expansion in the Christian world.

Treaty of Utrecht

It ended the War of the Spanish Succession and preserved peace for thirty years. Britain won territories in Spain and the Americas, as well as the sole right to import enslaved Africans into America for thirty years. Other states recognized Philip V as the king of Spain. Spain obtained control of Milan, Naples, and parts of the Netherlands. France agreed to acknowledge Protestant succession in England.

All the parties concluded the war with the _____ (1713), that accomplished several goals:

Britain won territories in Spain and the Americas, as well as the sole right to import enslaved Africans into America for thirty years.

Other states recognized Philip V as the king of Spain.

• Spain obtained control of Milan, Naples, and parts of the Netherlands.

France agreed to acknowledge Protestant succession in England.

These treaties assured a period of peace and balance of power between Britain and France in Europe. However, conflicts between the rivals continued in North America.

Henry IV

_____ of Bourbon was a politique who passed the Edict of Nantes which gave religious toleration to the French Huguenots. He made Duke De Sully Chief minister, causing for nobles to be exempt from paying taxes, attacking the peasants. Sully made the tax system more efficient and reduced the debt, built roads, and revived industries/agriculture. They both raised money by selling offices of nobility, known as the robe nobles.

James I

______ was an absolute monarch who used the beliefs of divine right of kings to justify his authority._____ wanted Parliament to cover his personal debts which the members of Parliament disapproved of. Parliament began implementing rules over the finances and established more Parliament independence. ______needed tax money to pay for wars and drew up petitions. His conflicts with Parliament set the foundation for a rebellion against his son Charles I.

Cardinal Richelieu

Appointed by Maria de' Medici, he set the cornerstone for French absolutism during the reign of Louis XIII. Extended the use of intendants(recruited from new nobility) in France's 32 districts. Supported the Hapsburg Empire's enemies. Founded France's "French Academy' and wrote the "Political Testament which elaborated on the impact of finances on the state.

Peter the Great

He saw Russia as a medieval state that had not learned from technological advances made by the Western European powers. He believed that these differences threatened Russia's strength and independence. In 1697, he traveled to Europe with the Grand Embassy, a group of about 250 people, mainly to see firsthand how the more advanced Western European countries operated, In disguise as Sergeant Pyotr Mikhaylov, he visited shipyards, factories, arsenals, Parliamentary sessions, museums, and schools.

Philip II of Spain

____ allowed for Spain to reach their height, succeeding in solidifying the unity of Spain and the Iberian Peninsula by obtaining control of Portugal. He prevented Ottoman expansion into the Mediterranean but the Netherland revolts and Spanish Armada loss weakened Spain. _____ stayed in Spain and made all decisions from outsider reports, causing for the government so slow. His government was filled with treachery after his actions and behaviors were redeemed as suspicious.

Philip III of Spain (on quest but not on vocab)

_______ is known for being involved in the Catalan Revolt where he faced military threats from France. He wanted to centralize power by raising taxes to fund the wars. He sent ministers into the Spanish area of Catalonia to enlist the people and resources to fight against the French. He was unsuccessful, met with Catalan revolts and it led to the downfall of Olivares, his minister.

Philip V of Spain (on quest but not on vocab)

Louis XIV desired to weaken the Habsburg but also establish the right of his grandson _____ as king of Spain. The Peace of Utrecht ended the War of the Spanish Succession, allowing for certain states to recognize _____ as the king of Spain.

Fronde

The ____ were uprisings against the French Monarchy which caused damage to French noble's property. It was a intent to weaken the nobility influence and reduce the power of the Parlements. The _____ had 2 phases where the Parliament of Paris refused to approve the government's revenue measures, eventually giving into the demands. The 2nd phase consisted of the French government restoring order by suppressing the rebels. The _____ overall failed to reach the main goals but was successful at challenging the royal absolutism in the Glorious Revolution. The _____ made a big impact on Louis SIV, causing for Louis to vow on controlling the nobility, and playing a major role in Louis moving to Versailles.

Palace of Versailles

Built by the Sun king to represent his power and greatness. The size and grandeur of it reflected French power throughout Europe.

or

French Society Louis XIV surrounded himself with courtiers—wealthy, powerful nobles who vied for his favor. In doing so, he eventually brought them under his control. Louis lived lavishly, building the _______outside of Paris, as well as several other expensive chateaux, or castles. ______

Built by the Sun king to represent his power and greatness. The size and grandeur of it reflected French power throughout Europe.

or

French Society Louis XIV surrounded himself with courtiers—wealthy, powerful nobles who vied for his favor. In doing so, he eventually brought them under his control. Louis lived lavishly, building the _______outside of Paris, as well as several other expensive chateaux, or castles.

L'etat, c'est moi

______ means "I am the State" and it shows that Louis XIV was the most powerful monarch in French history. Louis XIV stated this quote, increasing intendant power while failing to appointing his own chief minister, continuing to reduce the power of the nobility. He stated that he alone had the authority to rule the kingdom.

Intendants

The _____ system's purpose was to weaken the nobility while strengthening the monarch. The title of a______ was given to high ranking officials who served a agent role for the king in each of the provinces. This method was a way to achieve administrative unification and centralization under the monarchy.

Russian Academy of Sciences

Peter the Great established the ______ after visiting the advanced countries in Western Europe. His aspirations were to institute reforms to modernize science, technology, industry, and education.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

An economic advisor to the Sun King. He promoted mercantilism as his principal economic policy.

Romanov Dynasty

They were in control over Russia for over 300 years. Talk about Absolute Rulers!!!

Catherine Great

_______ wanted to replenish the state treasury and she did this by taking clergy property, causing a loss in the clergy's power. She read books by English and French philosophers and became a disciple, She created a commission with delegates from all social classes and provinces but it was never adopted as it was considered to be too liberal. She wanted to emancipate the serfs but gave up due to the Pugachev revolt which was a threat to her ideas. She believed that peasants posed a warning against her and she organized provines under her reform system. She succeeded to add more territory.

Louis XIV

Longest reigning monarch in European history. He weakened the power of the nobles by excluding them from his councils and increased the power of the intendants. He was unsuccessful in attempts to conquer the Netherlands. Nicknamed "The Sun King". He installed his royal court at Versailles and required the great nobility to spend a portion of the year there