Unit 7 - Evolution
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Last updated 3:00 PM on 4/12/23
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44 Terms
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Differential reproductive success
\________: measures how many offspring you produce that survive relative to how many the other individuals in your population produce.
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Miller Urey Experiment
The \________ demonstrated that several organic compounds could be formed spontaneously by simulating the conditions of Earths early atmosphere.
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Lamarck
\________ confused genetic and environmental (postconceptive) change, which is not surprising because no one had discovered genes yet.
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Divergent evolution
\________ can lead to speciation (allopatric or sympatric)
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Molecular data
\________ such as DNA or protein sequences can be used to construct phylogenetic trees or cladograms.
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Fossil
\________ record- the physical manifestation of species that have gone extinct.
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Nodes
\________ or branching points represent the most recent common ancestor of any two groups or lineage.
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Geological evidence
\________ provides support for the models of the origin of life on Earth.
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Microevolution
\________- evolution at the level of species and populations.
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Phylogenetic trees
\________ and cladograms- used to represent evolutionary relationships among organisms as well as track traits that are either lost or gained over time.
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Sexual selection
\________ is purely about access to mating opportunities.
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Evolution
\________ describes change in allele frequencies in populations over time.
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Darwin
\________ used vestigial characters as evidence in his original formulation of the process of evolution, listing the human appendix as an example.
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Morphological similarities of living
\________ or fossil species can be used to construct phylogenetic trees or cladograms.
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common ancestor
Traits are said to be homologous if they are similar because their host organisms arose from a(n) \________ (which implies that they have evolved)
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Systematics
\________ the study of evolutionary relationships and looks at the similarities and differences between species.
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Sympatric speciation
\________- Interbreeding ceases even though no physical barrier prevents it.
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Mutation
\________ always random with respect to which genes are affected, although the changes in allele frequencies that occur as a result of the \________ may not be.
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Adaptive radiation
\________- a rapid series of speciation events that occur when one or more ancestral species invades a new environment.
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P²
\________ + 2pq + q²\= 1, where \________ and q² represent the frequency of the two homozygous conditions (AA and aa)
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sex competition
Within- \________- in mammals, the males usually compete since females are a limiting source.
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Adaptation
\________ a trait that if altered, affects the fitness of the organism.
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equilibria
Punctuated \________ model- change occurs in rapid bursts separated by large periods of stasis.
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Gradualism evolutionary change
\________ is a steady, slow process.
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natural selection
Variation: for \________ to occur, a population must exhibit phenotypic variance- in other words, differences must exist between individuals, even if they are slight.
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Random
\________ mating- organisms participate in intrasexual selection, which represent competitive interactions between the same sex (male- to- male or female- to- female) and intersexual selection, which represents the selection of reproductive partners of the opposite sex.
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reproductive effort
Choice- in mammals, the females usually choose since they invest a lot in each \________.
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Snail shell color
\________ is an example of disruptive selection.
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Polyploidy
\________- A condition in which an individual has more than the normal number of sets of chromosomes.
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Speciation
\________ the process by which new species evolve.
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mutual evolution
The \________ between two species, which is exemplified by predator- prey relationships.
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Descent
\________ can happen only when one group of organisms gives rise to another.
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Hardy
\________- Weinberg equilibrium- theoretical concept to describe those special cases where a population is in stasis, or not evolving.
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Allopatric speciation
\________- Interbreeding ceases because some sort of barrier separates a single population into two.
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Heritability
\________: parents must be able to pass on the traits that are under natural selection.
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Artificial selection
\________: when humans become the agents of natural selection.
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Selection
\________ is disruptive when individuals at the two extremes of a spectrum of variation do better than the more common forms in the middle.
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dominant allele
Since p represents the \________, it makes sense that p² represents the homozygous dominant condition.
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Gene flow
\________- the change in allele frequencies as genes from one population incorporates into another.
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Mutation Random
\________ changes in the DNA of an individual can introduce new alleles into a population.
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Lamarck
\________ proposed the idea that evolution occurs by the inheritance of acquired characters.
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Darwin
\________ used embryology as an important piece of evidence for the process of evolution.
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Sexual selection
\________* Occurs because individuals differ in mating success.
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Darwin
\________- suggested the idea of natural selection and coined the phrase "survival of the fittest ..
Flashcards (38)