JP Theme 1 Ch 1 Oceans

Chokepoints

strategic, narrow passages that connect two larger areas to one another

Containerization

system of intermodal freight transport using intermodal containers

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

coastal state assumes jurisdiction over the exploration and exploitation of marine resources in its section (200 nms out)

Maritime Spaces

an expanse of salt water in free and natural communication

Piracy

an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, Maritime illegal traffics, 201 pirate attacks in 2018, flags of convenience

UN Convention Law of the Seas

10 December 1982 in Montego Bay, Jamaica, comprehensive regime of law and order in the world's oceans and seas establishing rules governing all uses of the oceans and their resources

Energy and Mineral Resources

oil and gas: Offshore oil platforms represent 30% of the world production ( Gulf of Guinea, Gulf of Mexico), marine renewable energies: wind, water turbine, hydrothermal (represent only 0.03% of the global energy mix), Sand: exploited in indonesia for construction, rare minerals

Halieutic Resources

80 million tons of fish are caught at sea each year, average productivity is 2.3 tons/year/fisher, China is the world's largest producer and exporter of fish, 50% of fishing is in the Pacific Ocean, aquaculture is expanding

Landscape Resources

Maritime cruise shipping, 28 million cruise passengers in 2019, Sailing for leisure purpose has also led to widespread development of coastlines

Material flows

80% of the world trade volume, 12 billion tons of products, low cost, containerization, Maersk (Denmark), MSC (Switzerland and Italy), internationalization of production and distribution systems

Immaterial flows

mass human migration (2 million migrants have crossed the Mediterranean Sea between 2015 and 2020), information flows use underwater cables, 99% of intercontinental communications, 1.3 million km, 40% GAFAM, Marea cable

Unequal distribution of maritime activity

circumterrestrial route: East Asia - Europe - North America, represents 85% of global trade, Asia is the main hub in global trade: 65% of global trade per container, raw material flows are mainly from South to North

Coastlines

E and SE Asian coasts, E and W coasts of North America represent 75% of maritime trade, states without a direct access to the maritime spaces are on the margin of globalization, 78% of the world has direct access to sea

strait

narrow channel of the sea linking two larger areas of sea

canal

man-made waterway who connect two bodies of water

Internal/Inland Waters

bodies of water landward of the baseline, lakes

Territorial Sea

area adjacent to a coastal state’s land territory, extends up to 12 nautical miles, laws apply

Contiguous Zone

area adjacent to the territorial sea, extending up to 24 nautical miles (44.4 kilometres), limited control

Continental Shelf

seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond the territorial sea, up to 200 nautical miles or beyond

High Seas

international waters, the areas of the world’s oceans that are beyond the jurisdiction of any particular state

pressures over seas and oceans

40% of the oceans are affected by excessive exploitation, 35% of fish stocks are overexploited, pollution

extra

10 million tons of plastic are dumped into the seas and oceans each year, less than 7% of the oceans are preserved, 2017: first international conference dedicated to the preservation of the oceans, 5% of the world's GDP, 3.5 billion people depend on the oceans for their livelihood