Psychological Stages of Development/Stage Theories

Erikson Stage 1

Trust vs Mistrust (birth-18 months)

Erikson Stage 2

1-2yr, autonomy vs. shame/doubt; sense of independence

Erikson Stage 3

3-5yr, initiative vs. guilt, balance between spontaneity and restraint

Erikson Stage 4

Industry vs. inferiority (6-puberty)

Erikson Stage 5

adolescence, identity vs. role confusion, unified sense of self

Erikson Stage 6

Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood)

Erikson Stage 7

Generativity vs. self-absorption (middle adulthood)

Erikson Stage 8

late adulthood, integrity vs. despair, sense of satisfaction with life well-lived

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

stage theory of psychosocial development, lifespan consists of eight dilemmas that must be solved correctly in order to solve the next dilemma

Freud Stage 1

Oral Stage. birth to 1 year. the mouth is the center of gratification. "sucking, biting, chewing and vocalizing" are important to infant

Freud Stage 2

Anal stage. age 1-3 (toddler). the "toilet training stage"

Freud Stage 3

Phallic Stage. Child associates pleasure and conflicting feelings about genital organs. "may run around the house naked quite frequently"

Freud Stage 4

Latency stage. age 6-12 (school age). sexual urges become "dormant". they put more energy into school and same sex friends. Having a best friend is important. Important to please teachers and parents

Freud Stage 5

Genital. age 12 and up. awakening again of sexual attractions. more focus on friendships and preparing for marriage

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Piaget Stage 1

Sensorimotor; age 0-2; building concepts about reality

Piaget Stage 2

Preoperational (2-7 years); children are thinking at a symbolic level but are not yet using cognitive operations

Piaget Stage 3

Concrete Operational; age 7-11; begin to think logically about concrete events

Piaget Stage 4

Formal Operational; age 11+; development of abstract reasoning; adult like

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Kohlberg Stage 1

- Obedience and punishment orientation --\> Egocentric deference to superior power or prestige. Pre-Conventional

Kohlberg Stage 2

not only follows rules to escape punishment but also to get rewarded. Pre-Conventional

Kohlberg Stage 3

want to please people who are important to them. Good Boy/Good Girl. Convential

Kohlberg Stage 4

Recognize the importance of established social order. Conventional

Kohlberg Stage 5

social contract orientation. Post-Conventional

Kohlberg Stage 6

universal ethical principles; morality is based on abstract reasoning using universal ethical principles; laws are only valid if they are grounded in justice. Post-Conventional

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Moral development takes place in stages and awareness of other people increases at each stage

Maslow Stage 1

physiological needs

Maslow Stage 2

safety needs

Maslow Stage 3

love and belonging needs

Maslow Stage 4

esteem needs

Maslow Stage 5

self-actualization

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization