What were Black Codes?::Black codes and Jim Crow laws were laws passed at different periods in the southern United States to enforce racial segregation and curtail the power of Black voters. After the Civil War ended in 1865, some states passed black codes that severely limited the rights of Black people, many of whom had been enslaved.

What are some of the ways that suffrage has been denied to American citizens?::People without money, property, or an education were sometimes barred from voting. Other people may be denied suffrage because of laws in the constitution.

What was significant about the elections of 1866?::The 1866 elections all but ended presidential Reconstruction. The Republicans won overwhelming majorities in both the House and Senate, putting them in a position to easily override any veto by President Andrew Johnson. Spurred on the new stage of Reconstruction: Radical/Congressional Reconstruction

What was a primary goal of the KKK during the period of Reconstruction?::The Klan's goals included the political defeat of the Republican Party and the maintenance of absolute white supremacy.

How was the Election of 1876 resolved?::The tied election was resolved with the Compromise of 1876, in which the Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South, marking the end of Reconstruction.

White southerners used the term carpetbaggers to describe what type of people?::opportunistic Northerners who came to the Southern states after the American Civil War, who were perceived to be exploiting the local populace for their own financial, political, and/or social gain.

In what way was sharecropping often a cycle of poverty?::Through sharecropping, white landowners hoarded the profits of Black workers' agricultural labor, trapping them in poverty and debt for generations. Black people who challenged this system of domination faced threats, violence, and even murder.

13th Amendment::The abolishment of slavery.

14th Amendment::Equal protection under the Constitution for all United States citizens.

15th Amendment::No voting discrimination of race.

16th Amendment::Income tax is legal.

17th Amendment::Popular vote for United States Senate.

18th Amendment::Prohibition of alcohol.

19th Amendment::Women's right to vote.

21st Amendment::Repeal of prohibition of alcohol.

Why was the film Birth of a Nation controversial?::It portrayed African Americans as barbarous and inferior. It also portrayed the KKK as heroic.

What was the position of most Radical Republicans on Southern Reconstruction?::The Radicals felt strongly that the Confederates needed to be punished for their pro-slavery views and should only be readmitted to the Union after they had abolished slavery among other conditions. They believed that government intervention in states was necessary to ensure abolition and civil rights for Blacks.

General Sherman's Field Order No. 15 gave hope to blacks because it …::General Sherman"s Field Order No. 15 gave hope to blacks because it: set aside plots of southern land for distribution.

What is the meaning of closed shops?::an establishment in which the employer by agreement hires only union members in good standing

Who led Tammany Hall::William "Boss" Tweed

What is Philanthropy?::the desire to promote the welfare of others, expressed especially by the generous donation of money to good causes.

Summarize Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth::In “The Gospel of Wealth,” Carnegie argued that extremely wealthy Americans like himself had a responsibility to spend their money in order to benefit the greater good. In other words, the richest Americans should actively engage in philanthropy and charity in order to close the widening gap between rich and poor. He noted that outright giving was wrong, but providing opportunities was correct.

What happened at Haymarket Square?::Violent confrontation between police and labour protesters in Chicago on May 4, 1886, that became a symbol of the international struggle.

How did the events at Haymarket Square influence attitudes about labor?::The Haymarket Affair created panic and hysteria in Chicago and increased anti-labour and anti-immigrant sentiment and suspicion of the international anarchist movement, throughout the country (several Chicago labour leaders were anarchist immigrants from Germany). Because it was accused (perhaps unfairly) of involvement in the violence, the Knights of Labor, then the largest union organization in the U.S., declined and soon disbanded, as many locals joined the new less-radical American Federation of Labor.

What does the term Gilded Age mean?::Gilded Age, period of gross materialism and blatant political corruption in U.S. history during the 1870s that gave rise to important novels of social and political criticism. The term Gilded means gold/value covering/hiding rot/corruption.

What was the Great Migration?::The Great Migration was one of the largest movements of people in United States history. Approximately six million Black people moved from the American South to Northern, Midwestern, and Western states roughly from the 1910s until the 1970s.

How is the Great Migration connected to race riots?::White social and economic fears (the latter focusing on job competition) surfaced and prompted race riots in many northern cities. The causes of many migrants was because of racial riots in Southern cities.

Explain the corporation model of organizing a business? Advantages?::Key feature: separation of ownership from management, Advantages: 1-The sale of stock raises capital. (money needed to start and operate large businesses.) 2- Corporations can operate without a single owner. 3 – There is less risk involved being a stockholder than being the sole owner of a company. (limited liability)

What president introduced the Federal Reserve System?::President Woodrow Wilson

What is the function of the Federal Reserve System?::The Federal Reserve System is the central banking system of the United States of America. It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, after a series of financial panics led to the desire for central control of the monetary system in order to alleviate financial crises.

In union conflicts: What are some of the “tools” of management?Hire “scabs”, Pinkertons, lockout, blacklisting, court injunctions

In union conflicts: What are some of the “tools” of labor?::boycotts, informational picketing, closed shops, organized strikes

Why was the AFL the most successful union during the period of Industrialism?::The AFL believed in setting practical goals that could be reached and supported the use of strikes to achieve their goals. Since they were skilled workers, they could not easily be replaced.

What is the meaning of laissez faire?::Laissez-faire is a type of economic system in which transactions between private groups of people are free from any form of economic interventionism. The free market. Government hands-off.

Explain each of the following Progressive era reforms: Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Direct Primary::Initiative: An initiative is a means through which any citizen or organization may gather a predetermined number of signatures to qualify a measure to be placed on a ballot, and to be voted upon in a future election Referendum: a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision. Recall: Recall is a power reserved to the voters that allows the voters, by petition, to demand the removal of an elected official. Direct Primary: A direct primary, which is now used in some form in all U.S. states, functions as a preliminary election whereby voters decide their party's candidates. In an indirect primary, voters elect delegates who choose the party's candidates at a nominating convention.

What cause did Margaret Sanger champion?::Margaret Sanger founded the birth control movement and became an outspoken and life-long advocate for women's reproductive rights.

What was the theme of the novel The Jungle? What did it lead to?::Working conditions in the meat-packing industry. It lead to the Inspection Act.

What were some of the changes that resulted from the emergence of the factory system as a method of producing goods?::centralization and increased sale of production, changes in organization, and an extensive division of labor.

What did the Elkins Act do?::The Elkins Act is a 1903 United States federal law that amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The Act authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates, and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates.

Who had a Square Deal? What exactly did this mean?::The Square Deal was Theodore Roosevelt's domestic policy based on three basic ideas: protection of the consumer, control of large corporations, and conservation of natural resources.

What was the goal of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union::The initial purpose of the WCTU was to promote abstinence from alcohol

Who was Ida Tarbell?::Ida Tarbell helped pioneer investigative journalism when she wrote a series of magazine articles about John D. Rockefeller and his Standard Oil Trust. She and other jour- nalists, who were called “muckrakers,” aided Progressive Movement reform efforts. Dissolved Standard Oil Trust!

What is muckraking? How was Lewis Hines a muckraker? Jacob Riis? Upton Sinclair?::Journaling or researching to expose social problems and encourage reform. Lewis Hines traveled around the country photographing the working conditions of children in all types of industries. Jacob Riis wrote "How the Other Half Lives," exposing photographs of the horrible living conditions during the progressive era in NYC. Upton Sinclair wrote "The Jungle," which exposed poor working conditions in the meat-packing industry.

Who was William Tweed?::Corrupt politician, boss of Tammany Hall

How exactly did a political machine work?::Cycles of power. Using political power to perpetually keep that power. Often times by encouraging/bribing people to vote for you.

What event/issue were nativists most concerned with?::Nativists feared that Catholic immigrants would serve the interests of the Pope rather than those of the United States.

What were some of the goals of Progressives? Populists?::Progressives: A main objective of the Progressive Era movement was to eliminate corruption within the government. They made it a point to also focus on family, education, and many other important aspects that still are enforced today. Populists: The Ocala Demands laid out the Populist platform: collective bargaining, federal regulation of railroad rates, an expansionary monetary policy, and a Sub-Treasury Plan that required the establishment of federally controlled warehouses to aid farmers.

What are some of the eventual successes of the Populists?::They pushed for and gained the right to direct election of US senators.

What are some examples of legislation that began to regulate business?::The Inspection Act, Interstate Commerce Commission (and the Hepburn Act), the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, and The Federal Trade Commission.

What happened at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory?::A fire destroyed the factory and killed many female seamstresses there. It raised awareness about the progressive movement.

What were some of the rationales/justification for US Expansion in late 19th and early 20th Centuries?::Both a desire for new markets for its industrial products and a belief in the racial and cultural superiority of Americans motivated the United States' imperial mission.

What was one appalling aspect of the war against the Filipino rebels?::The human cost of the war was significant. An estimated 20,000 Filipino combatants were killed, and more than 200,000 civilians perished as a result of combat, hunger, or disease. Many American soldiers were excessively brutal and massacred innocents.

What was the major theme of the poem The White Man’s Burden?::Colonialism is the most overarching theme of the poem, especially when the poem focuses on white men's burden of colonizing and civilizing other nations.

What were the Rough Riders?::The most famous of all the units fighting in Cuba, the "Rough Riders" was the name given to the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt resigned his position as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in May 1898 to join the volunteer cavalry.

What was the effect of the Platt Amendment on Cuba?::Approved on May 22, 1903, the Platt Amendment was a treaty between the U.S. and Cuba that attempted to protect Cuba's independence from foreign intervention. It permitted extensive U.S. involvement in Cuban international and domestic affairs for the enforcement of Cuban independence.

What was Dollar Diplomacy?::Dollar diplomacy was the practice of promising American financial support, either through federal loans or private business participation, in other countries. As a result, various political favors were granted to the United States government, such as selecting key government officials.

Why was the Spanish American War referred to as a “Splendid Little War”?::Secretary of State John Hay described the Spanish-American War as the "splendid little war." It was brief, lasting only a few months, and relatively bloodless, as the US lost more men to disease than in combat.

Many expansionists considered the Roosevelt Corollary to be a natural extension of early 19th century doctrine?::Roosevelt Corollary, foreign policy declaration by U.S. Pres. Theodore Roosevelt in 1904–05 stating that, in cases of flagrant and chronic wrongdoing by a Latin American country, the United States could intervene in that country's internal affairs.

How did the United States acquire the Canal Zone?::On November 6, 1903, the United States recognized the Republic of Panama, and on November 18 the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed with Panama, granting America exclusive and permanent possession of the Panama Canal Zone. In exchange, Panama received $10 million and an annuity of $250,000 beginning nine years later.

How did the United States acquire Hawaii?::House Joint Resolution 259, 55th Congress, 2nd session, known as the "Newlands Resolution," passed Congress and was signed into law by President McKinley on July 7, 1898 — the Hawaiian islands were officially annexed by the United States. Sanford Dole became the first Governor of the Territory of Hawaii.

What were the MAIN (underlying) causes of the Great War?::Materialism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

What was the purpose of various war time agencies?::To spread propoganda and work on the homefront, or to work as counter-espionage.

What was the Zimmermann Telegram?::This telegram, written by German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann, is a coded message sent to Mexico, proposing a military alliance against the United States. It was intercepted by US intelligence.

What happened to the Lusitania?::The British cruise ship was destroyed by a German submarine, spurring the US to eventually join the war.

What happened in East St. Louis in 1917?::On July 1, 1917, a rumor spread claiming that a white man had been killed by a black man, and tensions boiled over. The next day, the city of East St. Louis exploded in the worst racial rioting the country had ever seen.

What decision by Germany ultimately led to the US entering the war?::Germany's resumption of submarine attacks on passenger and merchant ships in 1917 was the primary motivation behind Wilson's decision to lead the United States into World War I.

How did the Federal government finance the Great War?::During the Depression, the Government's debt began to grow again since it was not collecting much money in taxes. 1914 - In preparation for its involvement in World War I, the U.S. Government raised money by selling "Liberty Bonds."

How did women contribute to the war effort on the home front?::The US government called on women to fill labor needs. Women were employed in a variety of jobs, which had previously been carried out by men. They joined the military, worked in defense plants, drove streetcars, worked on farms, and performed other roles on the home front.