1.2 REVIEW

1.2.1

Fashoda Incident

Fashoda Incident, (September 18, 1898), the climax, at Fashoda, Egyptian Sudan (now Kodok, South Sudan), of a series of territorial disputes in Africa between Great Britain and France. The disputes arose from the common desire of each country to link up its disparate colonial possessions in Africa.

Weltpolitik

Weltpolitik (world policy) was the imperialist foreign policy adopted by the German Empire during the reign of Kaiser Wilhelm II. The aim of the policy was to transform Germany into a global power.

1906 German Naval Development Programme

The naval race was a competition between Germany and Britain to have naval supremacy. The race was 'run' between 1906 and 1914. Why did Germany want to challenge the British navy and start the naval race? Britain relied on its navy to keep sea routes open to its empire and protect its economic interests.

Entente Cordiale

Entente Cordiale, (April 8, 1904), Anglo-French agreement that, by settling a number of controversial matters, ended antagonisms between Great Britain and France and paved the way for their diplomatic cooperation against German pressures in the decade preceding World War I (1914–18).

Moroccan Crisis

Moroccan crises, (1905–06, 1911), two international crises centering on France’s attempts to control Morocco and on Germany’s concurrent attempts to stem French power.

First Moroccan Crisis

The First Moroccan Crisis (Tangier Crisis) took place between March 31, 1905, and April 7, 1906, over the status of Morocco. Germany wanted to challenge France's growing control over Morocco, aggravating France and Britain.

Second Moroccan Crisis

The Second Moroccan Crisis (1911) was precipitated when the German gunboat Panther was sent to Agadir on July 1, 1911, ostensibly to protect German interests during a local native uprising in Morocco but in reality to cow the French.

Algeciras

Algeciras Conference, (Jan. 16–April 7, 1906), international conference of the great European powers and the United States, held at Algeciras, Spain, to discuss France's relationship to the government of Morocco. The conference climaxed the First Moroccan Crisis (see Moroccan crises).

1.2.2

Opium Wars

The Opium Wars marked the start of the era of unequal treaties between China and foreign imperialist powers (primarily Great Britain, France, Germany, the United States, Russia, and Japan) in which China was forced to concede many of its territorial and sovereignty rights.

Treaty of Tientsin

Opened more Chinese ports to foreign trade, permitted foreign legations in the Chinese capital Beijing, allowed Christian missionary activity, and effectively legalized the import of opium.

Sphere of Influence

In international politics, the claim by a state to exclusive or predominant control over a foreign area or territory. Formed in China by European nations.

Taiping Rebellion

Taiping Rebellion, radical political and religious upheaval led by Hong Xiuquan, a Chinese prophet who believed he was the brother of Jesus Christ. It lasted for some 14 years (1850–64), ravaged 17 provinces, took an estimated 20 million lives, and irrevocably altered the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12)

First Sino-Japanese War

The First Sino-Japanese War was the conflict between Japan and China in 1894–95 that marked the emergence of Japan as a major world power and demonstrated the weakness of the Chinese empire. The war grew out of the conflict between the two countries for supremacy in Korea.

Treaty of Shimonoseki

Treaty of Shimonoseki, (April 17, 1895), agreement that concluded the first Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), which ended in China’s defeat. By the terms of the treaty, China was obliged to recognize the independence of Korea, over which it had traditionally held; to cede Taiwan, the Pescadores Islands, and the Liaodong (south Manchuria) Peninsula to Japan; to pay an indemnity of 200,000,000 taels to Japan; and to open the ports  to Japanese trade. The Triple Intervention (1895), secured by Russia, France, and Germany, subsequently required Japan to retrocede the Liaodong Peninsula to China in return for an additional indemnity of 30,000,000 taels.

Open-Door Policy

The Open-Door policy was a statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900. It called for protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity.

Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising against foreigners that occurred in China about 1900, begun by peasants but eventually supported by the government. A Chinese secret society known as the Boxers embarked on a violent campaign to drive all foreigners from China. Several countries sent troops to halt the attacks.

1.2.3

Boer Wars

First Boer War In 1880-81, the British fought a brief war against the Transvaal Boers in South Africa. The Boers had rebelled against British control and went on to inflict several stinging defeats during their successful fight for independence. While the Boers received self-governing status, Britain retained the right to maintain a military presence in the region.

Second Boer War (South African War), war fought from October 11, 1899, to May 31, 1902, between Great Britain and the two Boer (Afrikaner) republics—the South African Republic (Transvaal) and the Orange Free State—resulting in British victory.

Jameson Raid

The Jameson Raid of 1896 was an attempt to create an uprising among the Uitlanders in the South African Republic. Led by Dr. Leander Starr Jameson and his British South Africa Company troops, its failure was a humiliation for Britain and the supporters of confederation.

Kruger Telegram

Kruger telegram, (Jan. 3, 1896), a message sent by Emperor William II of Germany to Paul Kruger of the South African Republic (Transvaal), congratulating him on repelling the Jameson Raid, an attack on the Transvaal from the British-controlled Cape Colony.

Anglo-Zulu War  

The Anglo-Zulu War, or Zulu War, was fought between Great Britain and the Zulu people of southern Africa in 1879. The British won the war. Their victory allowed them to take over the Zulu territory, known as Zululand. 

Pretoria Convention

The Pretoria convention of 1881 restored self-government to the South African Republic, changed the name of the republic to the Transvaal State, and delimited a boundary between the Transvaal State and Swaziland.

Paul Kruger

Paul Kruger was a South African politician. He was one of the dominant political and military figures in 19th-century South Africa, and State President of the South African Republic (Transvaal) from 1883 to 1900

Leander Jameson

Sir Leander Starr Jameson, Baronet (Feb. 9, 1853 - Nov. 26, 1917) was a southern African statesman who, a friend and collaborator of Cecil Rhodes, notorious for his abortive raid into the Transvaal to overthrow the Boer government of Paul Kruger in 1895.

Cecil Rhodes

Cecil Rhodes (July 5, 1853 - March 26, 1902) was a financier, statesman, and empire builder of British South Africa. He was prime minister of Cape Colony (1890–96) and organizer of the giant diamond-mining company De Beers Consolidated Mines. By his will he established the Rhodes scholarships at Oxford (1902).

Kaiser Wilhelm

Kaiser Wilhelm II was the emperor of Germany between 1888 and 1918 (Kaiser is the German word for "emperor" or "Caesar"). Wilhelm II was also the last person to hold the title of Kaiser. The monarchy was abolished in 1918 as a result of Germany's loss in World War I.

Concentration Camp

'Concentration camps' were established in South Africa to house Boer families forcibly displaced by Britain's scorched-earth policies. The camps were poorly conceived and managed, and ill-equipped to deal with the large numbers of detainees.

1.2.4

Berlin Conference

Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 Meeting at which the major European powers negotiated and formalized claims to territory in Africa; also called the Berlin West Africa Conference.

Treaty of Berlin

General Act of the Berlin Conference on West Africa, 26 February 1885 Signed by the representatives of Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, the United States of America, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Sweden-Norway, and Turkey (Ottoman Empire).