Aice International

Fashoda Incident

The climax of territorial disputes between Great Britain and France in Africa on September 18, 1898.

Weltpolitik

The imperialist foreign policy of the German Empire aimed at transforming Germany into a global power during Kaiser Wilhelm II's reign.

1906 German Naval Development Programme

A naval race between Germany and Britain from 1906 to 1914, where Germany sought to challenge British naval supremacy.

Entente Cordiale

An Anglo-French agreement on April 8, 1904, that ended antagonisms and facilitated diplomatic cooperation against German pressures.

Moroccan Crisis

Two international crises (1905–06, 1911) involving France's attempts to control Morocco and Germany's efforts to counter French power.

First Moroccan Crisis

The Tangier Crisis (March 31, 1905 - April 7, 1906) where Germany challenged France's control over Morocco.

Second Moroccan Crisis

The 1911 crisis initiated by Germany sending the gunboat Panther to Agadir to assert its interests in Morocco.

Algeciras Conference

An international conference (January 16 - April 7, 1906) to discuss France's relationship with Morocco, concluding the First Moroccan Crisis.

Opium Wars

Conflicts that initiated unequal treaties between China and foreign powers, leading to the loss of Chinese sovereignty.

Treaty of Tientsin

An agreement that opened Chinese ports to foreign trade and legalized opium importation.

Sphere of Influence

A state's claim to exclusive control over a foreign territory, particularly in China by European nations.

Taiping Rebellion

A radical upheaval (1850–64) led by Hong Xiuquan that caused significant loss of life and altered the Qing dynasty.

First Sino-Japanese War

The 1894–95 conflict that marked Japan's emergence as a world power and highlighted China's weaknesses.

Treaty of Shimonoseki

The April 17, 1895 treaty ending the First Sino-Japanese War, requiring China to recognize Korean independence and cede territories to Japan.

Open-Door Policy

A U.S. initiative (1899-1900) advocating equal trading privileges for all nations in China and supporting Chinese integrity.

Boxer Rebellion

A violent uprising in China around 1900 against foreigners, initially by peasants and later supported by the government.

First Boer War

The 1880-81 conflict where the British fought against the Transvaal Boers, resulting in Boer independence.

Second Boer War

The war (1899-1902) between Great Britain and Boer republics, leading to British victory.

Jameson Raid

The failed 1896 attempt to incite an uprising among Uitlanders in the South African Republic, leading to British humiliation.

Kruger Telegram

A message from Kaiser Wilhelm II congratulating Paul Kruger on repelling the Jameson Raid.

Anglo-Zulu War

The 1879 conflict between Great Britain and the Zulu people, resulting in British control over Zululand.

Pretoria Convention

The 1881 agreement restoring self-government to the Transvaal and defining its boundaries.

Paul Kruger

A prominent South African politician and State President of the South African Republic from 1883 to 1900.

Leander Jameson

A southern African statesman known for his failed raid into the Transvaal in 1895.

Cecil Rhodes

A British financier and statesman who played a significant role in South Africa's development and established Rhodes scholarships.

Kaiser Wilhelm

The last emperor of Germany (1888-1918), whose reign ended with Germany's defeat in World War I.

Concentration Camp

Camps established in South Africa to detain Boer families during the Second Boer War, poorly managed and overcrowded.

Berlin Conference

The 1884-85 meeting where European powers negotiated territorial claims in Africa.

Treaty of Berlin

The General Act signed at the Berlin Conference formalizing claims to West African territories.