Metodo ng Pananaliksik

Pagkalalaki

• Pinasimulan ni Carmen Santiago (1975) noong pinag-aralan niya ang ____

• Para sa kanya, hindi kinakailangan ng “Review of Related Literature” ang isang pag-aaral kung hindi akma sa kultura ang mga pananaliksik na una nang nailimbag

Carmen Santiago

Kung kaya’t naisip ni ____ at Enriquez na gumamit ng mga metodong akma sa kultura, na hindi gaya-gaya o inimbento lamang kundi kasama na sa gawi ng kulturang pinag-aaralan, na masusing pinag-aralan at iniakma sa pananaliksik.

Pe-pua

Mga dapat isaalang-alang sa katutubong pananaliksik (____, 2000):

• Level of interaction (Iskala ng Patutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at Kalahok)

• Pagtrato ng mananaliksik sa kalahok 

• Kahalagahan ng kalahok

• Metodo

• Wika, lenggwahe o dayalekto ng kalahok 

• (Mananaliksik/researcher mismo, Iskala ng Mananaliksik)

Ibang tao

Levels of interaction (Enriquez, 1975) 

• Pakikitungo

• Pakikisalamuha 

• Pakikilahok

• Pakikibagay

• Pakikisama

Hindi ibang tao

Levels of interaction (Enriquez, 1975) 

• Pakikipagpalagayang-loob

• Pakikisangkot

• Pakikiisa

Pakapa-kapa

• approach characterized by groping, searching, probing into an unsystematized mass of social and cultural data to obtain order, meaning, directions for research (Torres, 1982).

• we mean careful planning, flexibility in design, attention to depth, sensitivity to cues, conscientious and careful documentation, attention to individual participants’ unique contribution or input, and so on. (Margallo, 1982)

Pakikiramdam

• a special kind of sensitivity cues which will guide them [the researcher] in their interaction with the group members [participants], especially the Filipinos who are used to indirect non-verbal manner of communicating and expressing thoughts, attitudes, feelings and emotions (Pe-pua, 2000)

• For example, having somebody else butt in in the middle of an interview session is not something to be upset over; one should go through the process of getting to know each other first informally before asking questions on topics that are not that common to people.

Pagtatanong-tanong

• literally asking questions, marked by casualness when in fact, the researcher is truly determined to get answers to his/her questions.

• the participants are free to ask the researcher as many questions as they want, therefore acting much like of a “researcher” themselves. These questions should not be avoided and must be respected by the researcher (Pe-pua, 1989)

• (1) It is participatory in nature, and the participant has an input in the structure of the interaction in terms of defining its direction and in terms of time management.

• (2) The researcher and the participant are equal in status; both parties may ask questions for about the same length of time.

• (3) It is appropriate and adaptive to the conditions of the group of participants in that it conforms to existing group norms.

• (4) It is integrated with other indigenous research methods (Pe-Pua, 1985, 1989).

Pakikipagkwentuhan

is a cross between the interview and the focus group discussion. The distinct characteristic of ____ is the free exchange of ideas leading to stories that can be analyzed.

Ginabayang Talakayan

• “a method of collective research where a group of participants engage in sharing and exchanging knowledge, experience and opinions on a topic/topics they have collectively agreed to discuss” (Galvez, 1988).

• Before starting the discussion, we would first get their approval on a discussion guide prepared by the facilitator. They could change this guide if they felt it was insufficient, too long, or inadequate or irrelevant to their experience. This procedure somehow gave the participants a feeling of importance and control over the way the discussion would proceed.

Pagmamasid 

means observation, and nakikiugali means adopting the behaviors and ways of a particular group as one’s own. (Bennagen, 1985)

Nakikiugali

means adopting the behaviors and ways of a particular group as one’s own. (Bennagen, 1985)

Nakikiugaling Pagmamasid

• In this methodological approach, the researchers have to embrace the culture of the group they are studying as their own, at least temporarily, in order to fully understand and appreciate it.

• Afterwards, they will look at this culture again from a distance in order to organize the data they have obtained in a logical and reasonable process that is true to the culture they have studied. (Bennagen, 1985

Pagdalaw-dalaw

also refers to a behavior Filipinos are used to. It is expressed as pangangapitbahay (visiting neighbors), pangangapitkuwarto (visiting people in the next room), and others (Gepigon & Francisco, 1978).

Panunuluyan

method where the researcher lives, sleeps in the house of, and shares food with a host who has extended hospitality to the researcher. The host can be a friend, a relative, or someone referred to the researcher by a friend or a relative.

Nicdao-Henson

_____ lived in the village of Tiaong, Quezon for three months in the house of her cousin who was married and had three children. The house was located at the center of town so other parts of the village were accessible from there. By living in the community, she gained an in-depth understanding of village life, both the common activities and the unique or special occurrences. This depth is reflected in her report on the concept of time among the residents, conceptualized as much in a symbolic way as in a temporal sense.

Pakikisama

traditional anthropological participant observation method (Nery, 1979

Nery

____ (1979) used it to call the variant of participant observation which he employed in his study of “callboys” in a bar in Manila. ____ knew that if he were to use the traditional anthropological participant observation method, the risk would be very high – either that he would become a callboy himself, or a client, or a pimp at the very least. So, instead, he started out by simply frequenting the hangouts of the callboys, inviting them to sit down and drink in the bar. Then, he invited them to eat or drink outside the bar or at his residence. These were timed to coincide with free time of the callboys.