O Level Geography

How do people depend on nature? (2)

-Provides air, food, and water (pollination)

-Provides a recreational space--> better mental health

How does nature depend on people? (2)

-People can tend to health of nature areas

-Raising awareness how to enjoy nature without irreversible damage

How does nature benefit people? (3+exp)

-Lower air temperature

1. Leafy trees provide shade from sun

2. Cools surroundings via evapotranspiration, heat from surroundings taken to evaporate water

-Removes pollutants

1. Roots of water plants act as filters

2. Pollutants in air gets trapped by leaves and gets washed to the ground when raining

3. Photosynthesis

-Provision of recreation space

1. Place for outdoor activity

2. Brings about health and well being benefits

How do people benefit nature? (2)

-Raise awareness on how to protect nature and encourage good behaviour

-Clean up programmes remove pollutants

How do people disadvantage nature? (2+exp)

-Soil erosion and damaging vegetation

1. People walking on nature areas cause soil compaction which leads to increased surface runoff hence increased soil erosion

2. People can step and trample on plants which can affect their growth

-Worsening pollution and disturbing wildlife

1. Animals can be trapped, eat, or be cut by litter, which causes health problems leading to death

2. Feeding animals can create a dependency on humans for food, human wildlife conflict increases when animals associate humans with food

How does human animal interaction increase? (3+exp)

-Urban expansion

1. Cities destroy habitats leading animals to venture into urban areas in search for food or shelter, increasing human animal interactions

-Greening efforts by state

1. Cities make their urban areas greener, leading to animals entering, increasing human animal interactions

-Increased interest in outdoor recreation

1. People spend more time outdoors, hence increasing human animal interactions

How does increased human animal interaction lead to attacks? (2)

-People do not know how to deal with animals, leading to unintentional provocation hence attacks

-Animals are confused and scared when in unfamiliar places, leading to attack

How does environmental protection be perceived as limiting development? (1)

-People think protection of nature is done at the expense of their needs

What is sense of place? (Imagine NUS) (4)

-SOP has strong meanings and memories (Meanings and memories at NUS)

-SOP builds identity (Footballing identity)

-SOP reflects the relationship people have with their environment (Connection with football field)

-SOP is highly personal and subjective (Special to me)

How to acquire SOP? (Imagine GESS) (2+exp)

-Repeated encounters

1. Recall features and characteristics leading to increased meanings and memories (Everyday go school)

-Significant or memorable events

1. Highly visible, easy to remember (Colourful)

2. Serves symbolic or historical meaning (Old school)

3. Positive or negative memories (Fun with friends/ studying for exams)

4. Feature public symbols of a response to tragedy (Anfield memorial)

How is SOP represented? (1+exp)

-Media by individuals or organisations

1. Individual or organisations can post on social media, podcast, article about their favourite place

How can representations of SOP enhance or contradict ones SOP? (Think of Man City) (3)

-Positive representations can lead to the enhancement of ones SOP by adding new layers to it (Good talk about MCFC)

-Negative representations can lead to one getting defensive and ignoring valid arguments about their SOP as distortions or untruths (Bad talk about MCFC)

-SOP shapes identity, hence we respond strongly to good/bad representations of it (Strong emotions to MCFC talk)

What are regions and how can they be classified? (3)

-Vary in size

-Classified into environmental, geographical, characteristics

-A sphere of influence of a certain service, event, or object, region's boundary is where the influence is absent (CC)

What are spatial patterns? (4)

-A non-random arrangement of services, facilities, etc

-Can be arranged in a shape, pattern, cluster, at regular intervals, repeated occurrences

-Often to serve a purpose, increase convenience (Regular intervals for bus stops), give a meaning (Circle line)

-Easily recognisable

What are spatial associations? (3)

-Tendency for a pair of services, facilities, to be located near each other to increase convenience

-Often show a connection between services

-Understanding them can enhance our everyday living

What are spatial scales? (2)

-World> Continents> Countries> Cities> Towns> Neighbourhood> Precinct> Residential Unit

-Nested areas are smaller areas located in larger areas

What are spatial scales in Singapore? (Describe Towns, 4)

-Towns in SG have facilities where there are lots of activities (One Tampines Hub) and have integrated transport systems (LRT)

-Leads to increase of people coming to such towns due to convenience

-Leads to large malls and offices being built there to decrease transportation time

-Design of towns represent SG's long time goals (Increased PCN connectivity allows for less cars)

What spatial hierarchies can we observe in SG? (Order)

-SG> Town> Neighbourhood(4000-6000)> Precinct(400-800)> Residential Unit (1)

What are the features of spatial hierarchies in SG? (3)

-Town centres are located in the middle of towns, easier to travel to

-Towns have a wide range of facilities to meet needs of residents

-Neighbourhoods and precincts have facilities that complement each other and make them closer

How is town planning done in SG? (3)

-Most of the land is dedicated to housing, industrial, and commercial development

-The rest is left to parks, roads, schools, and other essential facilities

-Facilities at different spatial hierarchies complement each other and enables each town to be self sufficient (Do not need to leave to survive)

Why should the town planning in SG create synergies and complement each other?

-Done to ensure sustainability

-Optimising scarce land resources to cater to diverse needs of current and future groups

-SG is a city state, hence, facilities that are not located in cities must be accounted for (military bases, airports, waste treatment, etc)