WW1 test

Nationalism

Austria-Hungary built an empire by taking over small countries in Eastern Europe called the Balkans.

Nationalism caused Balkan people to want independence from Austrian rule, increasing tensions that led to World War I.

Militarism

European nations glorified military power to feel secure. Germany built up its navy to challenge Britain, Britain responded by building more battleships, and France expanded its army as Germany's army grew.

Imperialism

The expansion of a nation's authority by establishing colonies in other territories. Competition for colonies increased rivalry and was a major cause of World War I.

Alliances

Germany and Austria-Hungary agreed to help each other

Britain, France, and Russia formed similar agreements, dividing Europe into armed camps.

The Spark (Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand)

hOn June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated in Sarajevo by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip, triggering World War I.

Gavrilo Princip

: A Serbian nationalist who shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife

Blackhand Group

this group was formed by Serbian army officers to create a Greater Serbia. It was involved in the 1903 regicide and the 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which triggered World War I.

Chain Reaction

: Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia and declared war. Russia defended Serbia, Germany supported Austria-Hungary, and France prepared to fight, pulling Europe into war.

Schlieffen Plan

: Germany's plan to avoid a two-front war by quickly defeating France through neutral Belgium before turning to fight Russia.

Central Powers (Triple Alliance)

Alliance made up of Germany and Austria-Hungary, later joined by Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire.

Allied Powers (Triple Entente)

Alliance including France, Britain, and Russia, later joined by Japan, Italy, and eventually the United States.

American Neutrality

At the start of the war, the United States remained neutral.

Western Front

: The front in Western Europe where Germany fought against France and Britain.

Eastern Front

: The front in Eastern Europe where Germany and Austria-Hungary fought Russia.

Battle of the Marne

: In September 1914, French forces stopped the German advance near Paris, leading to trench warfare and a stalemate.

Trench Warfare

: A form of fighting where soldiers lived and fought in long trenches. Conditions were harsh, and battles often resulted in massive casualties.

No-Man's Land

: The dangerous area between opposing trenches where thousands of soldiers were killed trying to advance.

New Weapons of WWI

: Included machine guns, poison gas, tanks, and airplanes, making World War I far more deadly than previous wars.

War at Sea

: Britain blockaded German ports, while Germany used submarines (U-boats) to attack ships supplying the Allies.

Lusitania

: A British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, killing 1,298 people including 128 Americans, increasing U.S. anger toward Germany.

Eastern Front Fighting

: Russia and Serbia fought Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. Russia suffered huge losses but tied down German troops.

Gallipoli Campaign

A failed Allied attempt to capture the Dardanelles from the Ottoman Empire to create a supply route to Russia.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

: Germany's policy of sinking all ships in British waters without warning, including neutral ships.

Zimmermann Note

: A German telegram proposing an alliance with Mexico against the U.S., promising the return of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

U.S. Enters the War

On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war on Germany after repeated attacks on American ships.

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

U.S. soldiers sent to Europe to fight in World War I, helping tip the balance in favor of the Allies.

Convoy System

: Groups of merchant ships protected by warships, used to defend against German U-boats.

Russia Withdraws from the War

: After the Russian Revolution, Vladimir Lenin took power and signed a peace treaty with Germany in 1917.

Second Battle of the Marne

: In July 1918, the Allies launched a successful counterattack that led to the collapse of the Central Powers.

Armistice

: On November 11, 1918, Germany signed an agreement to stop fighting, ending World War I.

Final Toll of World War I

: Lasted four years, involved 30 nations, caused 8.5 million deaths, 21 million wounded, 20 million refugees, and cost $338 billion.

Competitive Patriotism

everybody tried to be more patriotic then their neighbors

Espionage Act

1917 law that set heavy fines and long prison terms for antiwar activities (interfering with the draft, no free speech, etc)

WIB (War Industries Board)

agency that coordinates production of war materials

Shell Shock

PTSD

Wilson's Fourteen Points

- diplomacy, freedom of the seas, lower tariffs, reductions in armaments, decolonization, evacuate troops from Europe, self-determinat

Henry Cabot Lodge

conservative senator who wanted to keep the united states out of the league of nations

Wilsons points that were approved

No secret alliances

Freedom of the oceans and major rivers

Decision on United Nations

Wilsons points that were not approved

Free trades

Every country needs small army

War Guilt Clause

in treaty of Versailles; declared germany and austria responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay $32 billion to Allied powers

Red Scare

fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life

Karl Marx

Father of Communism

American Communist Party

Thousands of americans and russians were arrested and sent to Russia

Race Riots

Migration of African Americans to nothern cities increased racial tensions, which led to violence in many cities.

Chicago was the worst

Pacifist

one who is against war or the use of violence

Socialist

person who supports community ownership of property and the sharing of all profits

Who is Schlieffen

a German Field Marshal and Chief of the Imperial German General Staff from 1891 to 1906.

Alvin York

killed 25 machine-gunners and captured 132 German soldiers when his soldiers took cover; won Congressional Medal of Freedom

Selected Service Act

passed by congress in 1917 authorizing a draft of men for military service

Conscientious Objector

Person who refuses to enter the military or bear arms due to moral or religious reasons

What is General Perchings official title

Commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

Eddie Rickenbacker

Famous "ace" pilot who downed 26 enemy fighters in WWI

Isolationist

People who wanted the United States to stay out of world affairs

Why did Franz get shot

Archduke Franz Ferdinand was shot because Serbian nationalists wanted independence from Austria-Hungary.

Why did all the germans starve to death

Britain's naval blockade cut off food imports, causing shortages and widespread hunger among civilians.

How did the US outsmart the U-boats

Convoy System

What big 4 countries were on the US side

United States

Great Britain

France

Russia

Why does the US senate oppose the league of nations

The U.S. Senate opposed the League of Nations mainly because they feared it would force the U.S. to get involved in future foreign wars.

What country did the shooter who killed Franz come from

Gavrilo Princip was from Serbia.

Why does germany surrender

Germany surrendered because by late 1918, its army was exhausted, resources were depleted, and the Allies (with fresh American troops) were winning.

What country had the lowest deaths

United States

What country had the most deaths

Russia

What law is the same as the Espionage Act

Sedition Act

Who started on Germanys side but switched mid war

Italy

Americans were told what because of the war

Americans were told to conserve food so more could be sent to soldiers.

They were encouraged to eat less meat, wheat, sugar, and fats, and to grow "Victory Gardens" at home to help supply the army and Allies.