EDUC703 - Finals Period

Impairment

Any temporary or permanent loss or abnormality of a body structure or function, whether physiological or psychological.

Disability

A restriction or inability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.

Handicap

The result of an impairment or disability that limits or prevents the fulfillment of one or several roles that is regarded as normal.

Disorder

Medical term from the DSM-5

Disability

Legal term from the IDEA

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V

The manual that is used by clinicians and researchers to diagnose and classify mental disorders.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

A law ensuring services to children with disabilities throughout the nation.

Developmental Disability/Disorder

Set of limitations that begin in infancy or childhood, with delays in reaching developmental milestones or limitations in one or more of the following domains:

• Cognition

• Motor performance

• Vision

• Hearing and speech

• Behavior

Stereotype

Beliefs about attributes that are thought to be characteristics of members of particular groups; the thinking that all people who belong to a certain group are the same and labeling them.

Bias

Tendency to lean in a certain direction, either in favor of or against a particular thing.

Prejudice

A negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members.

Stigma

Someone views you in a negative way because you have a distinguishing characteristic or personal trait.

Discrimination

Unfair treatment of members of a particular group based in their membership in that group.

Person-Centered Language

Language emphasizes the individual’s humanity and defines them as a person first, rather than defining them by their illness.

Intellectual Disability

Deficits in intellectual functioning confirmed by clinical evaluation and individualized standards in IQ testing.

Rosa’s Law

Call for change because “MR” has negative connotations.

Down Syndrome

Genetic disorder in which there is an extra or partial chromosome 21.

Trisomy 21

Another name for Down Syndrome.

John Langdon Down

A British doctor who fully described Down Syndrome in 1866.

Fragile X Syndrome

Lack of FMR1 gene characterized by mild-to-moderate intellectual disability.

FMRP

People who have FXS do not make this protein.

Spectrum

Used to classify something, or suggest that it can be classified, in terms of its position on a scale between two extreme or opposite points.

Savant Syndrome

Rare, but extraordinary condition in which persons with serious mental disabilities have some “island of genius” which stands in marked, incongruous contrast to overall handicap.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A neuro-developmental disorder characterized by impaired social communication and restricted or repetitive behaviors.

Echolalia

Meaningless repetition of another person’s spoken words.

Idiosyncratic Phrases

Involves language with private meanings or meaning that make sense only to those familiar with the situation where the phrase originated.

Comorbidity

The presence of one or more disorders (or diseases) in addition to a primary disease or disorder.

Automaticity

The process by which skills become so well practiced that we can do them without much conscious throught.

Specific Learning Disabilities

Type of disorder that impedes the ability to learn or use specific academic skills, such as reading, writing, arithmetic, which are the foundation for other academic learning.

Parieto-Temporal Area

The novice reader uses this area, alongside Broca’s Area to slowly analyze new words.

Occipital-Temporal Area

This is the word form area of the brain.

Broca’s Area

This is the area that processes articulation and usually helps us connect sounds to letters.

Intraparietal Sulcus

Helps you complete different numerical activities.

Dyslexia

Involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words.

Written Expression Disorder

Having trouble expressing their thoughts in writing.

Dysgraphia

No longer a SLD in DSM 5; trouble with writing.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Neurological disorder causes a range of behavior problems, such as difficulty in attending to instruction, difficulty in focusing on schoolwork, difficulty following instructions and completing tasks, difficulty in social interactions, and excessive motor activity.

Sensory Impairment

Any impairment concerning the senses such as hearing loss, visual impairment, or a combination of hearing loss and visual impairment, of any type of degree that potentially interferes with typical methods of interacting and learning.

Visual Impairment

An impairment in vision that, even with correction, adversely affects a child’s educational performance.

Visual Disability

Impairment of visual functioning even after treatment and/or standard refractive correction with visual acuity in the better eye of less than 6/18 for low vision and 3/60 for blind, or a visual field of less than 10 degrees.

Visual Acuity

The clarity or sharpness of vision.

Snellen Test

Measures visual acuity through the use of a chart that has progressively smaller letters read at a distance of 20 feet.

Legal Blindness

The visual acuity is 20/200 or less in the better eye after correction, or the field of vision is limited to an angle of 20 degrees or less out of the normal 180- degree field of vision.

Total Blindness

The inability to recognize a strong light shone directly into the eye.

Tunnel Vision

A field of vision that is 20 degrees or less.

Cornea

A transparent dome sits in front of the colored part of the eye; helps the eye focus as light makes it way.

Iris

Colorful part of the eye; controls how much light goes through the pupil.

Pupil

Opening in the iris and lets light enter the eye.

Lens

Focuses the images onto the retina.

Retina

Takes the light the eye receives and changes it into nerve signals, so the brain can understand what the eye is seeing.

Refractive Errors

Error in the focusing of the eye that frequently results in reduced vision.

Myopia

A common vision condition in which you can see objects near to you clearly but objects farther away are blurry.

Hyperopia

A common vision condition in which you can see distant objects clearly but objects nearby away are blurry.

Astigmatism

A common imperfection in the curvature of your eye that causes blurred distance and near vision.

Congenital Cataracts

Cataracts present since birth or shortly afterwards.

Cataracts

It occurs when changes in the eye's lens cause it to become less transparent, resulting in cloudy or misty vision.

Glaucoma

High fluid pressure in your eye damages the optic nerve.

Retinopathy of Prematurity

An eye disorder caused by abnormal blood vessel growth in the light sensitive part of the eyes of premature babies.

Braille

A system that enables blind and visually impaired people to read and write through touch; consists of raised dots arranged in “cells.”

Louise Braille

He created the writing system for visually impaired people in 1821.

Deafness

A hearing impairment so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing.

Hearing Impairment

An impairment in hearing that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.

American Sign Language

A method of spelling words using hand movements.

Orthopedic Impairment

A musculoskeletal impairment that severely affects a child’s educational performance.

Poliomyelitis

Infects a person’s spinal cord, causing paralysis; caused by poliovirus.

Cerebral Palsy

A disorder of muscle tone or posture that is caused by damage that occurs to the immature, developing brain, most often through birth.

Muscle Tone

Strength and tension in the muscles; holds our body upright.

Posture

Position in which you hold your body while standing, sitting, or laying down.

Fetal Stroke

A disruption of blood supply to the developing brain.

Amputations

Surgical removal of all or part of a limb or extremity.

International Symbol of Access

Blue square overlaid in white with a stylized image of a person in a wheelchair.

Adaptation

A process of change that enables people to meaningfully interact in the most normal and integrated environment.

Curricular Adaptation

Any adjustments or modifications in learning expectations, curriculum, content, the environment, instruction, or material used for learning that enhances a person’s performance or allows at least partial participation.

Instructional Adaptations

The practice of changing how instruction is delivered to meet the needs of individual students including grouping strategies, formats for evaluation, and methods of presenting.

Intervention

Programs or sets of steps to help kids improve at things they struggle with.

Accomodations

Do not fundamentally alter expectations or standards in instructional level, content, or performance criteria; provide equal access to learning and equal opportunity to demonstrate what is known.

Modifications

Do fundamentally alter expectations or standards in instructional level, content, or performance criteria; provide meaningful and productive learning experiences.

Quantity/Size

Adapt the number of items that the learner is expected to learn or the number of activities the student will complete before the assessment for mastery.

Time

Adapt the time allotted and allowed for learning, task completion, or testing.

Level of Support

Increase the amount of personal assistance to keep the student on task or to reinforce or prompt use of specific skills.

Input

Adapt the way instruction is delivered to the learner.

Difficulty

Adapt the skill level, problem type, or the rules on how the learner may approach the work.

Output

Adapt how the student can respond to instruction.

Input Accomodation

Service or support to help fully access the subject matter and instruction.

Output Accomodation

Service of support to help validly demonstrate knowledge.

Participation

Adapt the extent to which a learner is actively involved in the task.

Alternate Goals

Adapt the goals or outcome expectations while using the same materials.

Substitute Curriculum

Provide different instruction and materials to meet a learner’s individual goals.