Asian Worlds: Unit 6: Modern China

The Republic of China

1912

- No monarch

- New policies after boxer protocol (Starting with the Army)

- Change in Education (No CCE, Copied Japan w/ state curriculum, standards, and textbooks)

- Constitutional monarchy (constitution, only some power to monarch, japan as model, ministers abroad to study others systems, 1908 reform where they make steps w/ 1908 parliament, 1911 nineteen articles that don't last long

1911 Revolution (10/10 Revolution)

1911- Nineteen articles like the constitution but it doesn't last long

- Rebels drew ideas from tongmeihui, revolutionaries in china

- founded in Japan by Sin Yat-Sem

- Anti-Quing

- States declared independence and rebels declare china a republic

Warlord Era (warlords)

1916 - 1928

- Use upheval of time to gain power

- Gained control of advance weapons, railroads, and small air forces (new military tech)

- central govt in Beijing was powerless

- constant fighting

- shifting alliances

- KMT tried to unify

Nationalists (Kuomintang/KMT)

Founded by Sun Yat-Sen in 1919

Sun Yat-Sen

- Trained to be a doc

- Studies revolutionary ideas in Japan

- Hawii education

- Convernted to Christianity

- Becomes revolutionary

- Ethnic Hakka (Southern)

- In Colorado when the revolution starts and he rushes back

- Somewhat involved in the rev.

- Founded Chinese National Party (Kuomintang KMT)/Guomindang in 1919

- Three peoples principals

- Becomes provisional president of republic for three months but volunteers to step down because he wants someone with more infulence (General Yuan Shikai)

Yuan Shi-Kai

- General in Qing army

- Prime minister in 1911

- Dissolved parliament after becoming president

- Troubled president dies in 1916

- China devolves into troubled warlord era

- Influential in Qing

CCP

- Founded in 1921 and came to power in 1949

- Still ruling power

- Communist

- Starts in Nanjing decade

Puyi

- Last Qing emperor

- 1908, Guangzxu dies, 2 days later Puyi (2 yrs) becomes emperor by Cixi's decision, a day later Cixi dies

- 1911, revelution

- 1912, rebels declare china a republic

1912, Puyi abdicates

3 People's Principles

- Nationalism (anti-manchu)

- Democracy

- Peoples livelihood (equalize land rights)

Karl Marx

- founder of modern communism

- 19th century german philosopher and economist

- No class divisions

- Private property abolished

- All needs met through communal production

- Humans would be free to concentrate on the "rewards of labor" rather than just work

- Economic stages (Primitave, ancient mode, feudalism, capitalism)

- Revolution would happen spontaneously

- Peasants had little revolutionary potential

Bourgeoise

Class that owns means of production

Proletariat

Class that makes workers in industrial society

Socialism

- A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production

- First United Front

Communism

- Political theory derived from Karl Marx

- Needed an industrial proletariat to rise up and start a new revolution

Mao Zedong

- Peasants had revolutionary potential and lead to revolution

- Mass line (masses important) to maintain momentum

- Permanent revolution be on lookout for bourgeois tendencies

- Sinicized Marxism-Leninism - Sun Yet-Sen jacket

- Reads marx and lenon and evolves it

- Less eurocentric

Maoism

Mao's branch of communism

Chiang Kai-Shek

- KMT leader

- Military

- Strong-man beliefes

- Moves away from 3 peoples principals

- Makes KMT move right

- Northern Expedition

- Anti-communist

- 1923, moscow to study soviets and realizes the communist moscow wont work in China

Ist United Front

- 1923 to rid china of warlords

- CCP didnt have enought power alone so they joined the KMT

- Hoped to push KMT left

- Weakened after Lenin's and Suns death in 1924 and 1925

- Wanted modern ad socialist

- New KMT leader was Chiang Kai-Shek who didnt like the CCP

- Shanghai Massacre of 1927 abandoned it

Northern Expedition

1926 - 28

- Successful campaign to defeat warlords

- Led by CHian Kai-Shek

Shanghai Massacre

- Chiang abandoned 1st Unit Front and embarked on campaign to destroy CCP

- 12k massacred

- 1928, 300K communists killed

- Survived people went into hiding and organized underground

- Starts Chinese Civil war where KMT and CCP battle for China during WW2

2nd Sino-Japanese War

1937-45

- Sino-Japanese war begins with Marco Polo Bridge Incident w/ shots between Japan and China

- Nanjing massacre

Manchukuo

1931

- Manchurian (Mukden) Incident

- Japan invades Manchuria

1932

- Manchuria turned to Munchikuo

- Manchukuo (Japanese puppet state in Manchuria)

- Puyi as the leader

Long March

1934-35

- After purge CCP hides in Jiangzi and Hunan

- KMT continues to pursue CCP

= 80000 communists march to escape KMT

- 6000 miles in a year

- Went from SE to NW

- Crossed 19 mountain ranges

- Of the OG group, 8000 survived

- Strengthened bonds

- Rise of Mao Zedong

- Memorialized moment for CCP

2nd United Front

1937 - 45

- Suspended civil war

- CCP more successful in fighting Japanese so won supporters

- During WW2

- Communists and Nationalists

Chinese Civil War

1927 to 1949, then again after WW2

- KMT and CCP fight for control over china

- Resumes after WW2

- 1949, CCP emerges victorious, peoples republic of China with Mao as the leader

The People's Republic of China

1949

- CCP

- Mao Zedong

- After they win Civil war

Land Reform

1905-52

- 80% of farms were owned by landlords

- Redistribute land and create work teams

- Accompanied by socual change

- New classifications (landlord, rich peasant, middle peasant, poor peasant, bad element

- Undesirable categories were publicly humiliated and physically punished

5 Year Plans

1953

First one

- Industrialize quickly using soviet model

- x2 industrial production

- Eliminate private market economy

- Collectivize rural economy

Second one

- Great leap forward

100 Flowers Movement

1956

- Campaign to rectify CCP

- Purge of corrupt members

- Invited intellectuals to provide constructive criticism

- Improve and strengthen China

- Led to Anti Rightist campaigm

Anti-Rightist Campaign

1957

- Following 100 Flowers

- No criticism allowed of CCP, socialism, or life in China

Great Leap Forward

1958-62

- Second 5 year plan

- Split from soviet model to create distinctively chinese path of economic development by mobilizing human labor power

- "produce more, better, faster"

- "overtake england in 15 yrs and America in 20 yrs

- Farmers reorganized from collectives into peoples communies with 5000ish people

- Unrealistic agricultural and industrial prodiction quotas

Practices

- Pseudo-scientific practices to increase agricultural yield

- Steel furnaces in their backyard

- Scrap iron

- Poor quality metal produced

Results

- Famine afterwards (59-62)

- Falsified reported of production to exceed quotas

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

1966 to 76

- Movement

- No more bourgeois or capitalists

- Undertaken by Red Guards

- Little red book

- Reported parents, neighbors, teachers, party leaders, and authroity figures

- Get rid of capitalist thinkinking

- After Great Leap Forward

- Capitalist roader

Little Red Book

- Carried by red guards

- Mao quotes and teachings

Red Guards

Middle schoolers and up who took part in the cultural revolution

- Following Mao

- Lost generation

"counter-revolutionaries"/"capitalist roaders"

Capitalist roader

- Certain people would take China down a "capitalist road"

- Someone who will restore capitalism to china

- Tendency to box to cap. pressure

- Fear bourgeois would infiltrate party

- concerned with pragmatists

Counter-Revolutionaries

- CCP didnt like them

Pragmatists

Chinese Communist politicians who were more moderate in their reforms

- Mao didnt like

- Deng Xiaoping

The Lost Generation

Included Red. Guards after 1967

- CHinese youth who missed education because of the CR

- Schools closed during CR

- 17M sent to re-education camps in countryside

Gang of Four

After death 0f Mao in 1976

- Group important in intensifying CR

- Attempted to seiae power

- Overthrown by Deng

- Later charged with anti-party crimes and convicted in 1981

- Included Mao's wife

- tries to fill in power vacuum

- Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang Hongwen

Deng Xiao-ping

Born in 1904

- Rich peasant family in Sichuan

- Studied in France

- Joined CCP in 1924

- Long March

- Top lieuntenant in CCP

- Pragmatist that mao didnt like

- Purged twice during CR as Capitalist Roader

- When Mao dies he stands out, got rid of gang of four, offical leader in china in 1974

- Propaganda against him during CR

- Four Modernizations

- Socialist Market Economy

Policies

- Abolish communes

- Farmed could deicde what to grow

- Local markets

- Foreign investments and trade

- SEZ's

- Open China to the world

- Well thought of internationally

- 4 Cardinal principals to achieve 4 modernizations, 1979

Democracy Wall

1978-79

- Shut down by Deng but not the Tiananmen square one

- Young people posted about need for democracy - 5th modernization

- Many were former red guards

- Mao supported until it turned to him

-

Special Economic Zones

4 created in 1980 but later expanded (Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, Xiamen)

- Foreign investments

- Export goods

- Experiment with capitalist to promote entrepreneurship in controlled way

- Learn managment techinques

Four Modernizations

Zhou Enlai in 1963

- Agriculture

- Industry

- Science and Tech

- Military

- Need to follow the four cardinal principals

Four Basic Principles

- Deng in the early 1979

-lead to 4 modernizations

Tiananmen Square Massacre

1989

- June 3-4

- Violent military crackdown

- Chinese armed forces on pro-democracy student protests

- Hu's death and 70th aniversary of May 4th revives students

- Protested for free speech, democracy, anti-corruption, published government salaries, $ for education, freedom of press

- Starts with hunger strike, May 20th Deng declares Martiial law, 5000 troops arrive on June 3

- Government describes students as counter revolutionaries

Xi Jin-ping

-Born 1953

- Only ever lives in Peoples Republic

- Elite family

- Dad incharge of propaganda for CCP

- Mao turns against Xi's father bc of a book

- His dad was publically denounced

- Xi is denounced as counterrevolutionary at 13

- Xi's family greatly hurt by CR

- Sent to labor camp for 7 years at 15

- Returns at 22 from labor camp and works his way up in the CCP

- 2008 vice president, 2012 Gen Sec, 2013, President

- 2022, abolished term limits

- 2023, elected for a third term

- Promotes Chinese dream

- Thought of as the ruler of strength

- The 4 Comprehensives

- Large on foreign relations

- Focus on foreign aid

Belt and Road

Chinese government makes infrastructure development and investments in many countries for relations and trade

McCarthyism

FINAL ONLY

Ping pong diplomacy

FINAL ONLY

The Nixon Visit

FINAL ONLY

Shanghai Communique

FINAL ONLY