Goniometry Norms/positions/axis/landmarks

Shoulder Flexion

0-180, standing or supine, axis on lateral acromion, SA mid axillary line and MA to lateral epicondyle of the humerus

Shoulder Extension

0-60, standing or supine or prone, axis on lateral acromion, SA on mid axillary line and MA on lateral epicondyle of the humerus

Shoulder Elevation/Abduction

0-180, standing or supine, axis on posterior or anterior acromion, SA perpendicular to the floor and MA on anterior/posterior humerus

Shoulder External Rotation

At 90: 0-90, supine with shoulder at 90 degrees abducted, axis on olecranon process of ulna, SA perpendicular to floor and MA along ulnar surface of the forearm.

At side: 0-60, standing, axis on olecranon process of ulna, SA in sagittal plane and MA along ulnar surface of the forearm.

Shoulder Internal Rotation

Isolated: 0-45, Composite: 0-70, At 90 degrees abduction in supine, axis on olecranon process of ulna, SA perpendicular to floor and MA along ulnar surface of forearm

Shoulder Horizontal Adduction/Flexion

0-135, sitting with the shoulder abducted to 90, axis on superior acromion, SA in frontal plane and MA towards the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

Shoulder Horizontal Abduction/Extension

0-60, standing with the shoulder at 90, axis on superior acromion, SA in frontal plane of the body and MA towards lateral epicondyle of humerus

Elbow Flexion

0-150, sitting/standing/supine, axis on lateral epicondyle of humerus, SA to greater tuberosity of humerus and MA to radial styloid process

Elbow Extension

0, supine with towel under distal arm, axis on lateral epicondyle of humerus, SA to greater tuberosity of humerus and MA to the radial styloid process

Forearm Pronation

0-80, sitting/standing with elbow at 90, axis on lateral side of the wrist, SA is vertical and MA is on dorsal forearm just proximal to the styloid processes

Forearm Supination

0-80, sitting/standing with elbow at 90, axis on medial side of the wrist, SA is vertical and MA is on the ventral forearm just proximal to the styloid processes

Wrist Flexion

0-80, sitting with forearm on table with wrist hanging off, axis on ulnar side of wrist, SA on the ulnar border and MA along 5th metacarpal

Wrist Extension

0-70, sitting with forearm on table with wrist hanging off, axis on ulnar side of wrist, SA on the ulnar border and MA along 5th metacarpal

Wrist Ulnar Deviation

0-30, sitting with forearm pronated on table, axis on dorsal wrist over capitate, SA bisecting mid forearm, MA 3rd MCP joint

Wrist Radial Deviation

0-20, sitting with forearm pronated on table, axis on dorsal wrist over capitate, SA bisecting mid forearm, MA 3rd MCP joint

Neck Flexion and Extension

no norms, measure with inclinometer

Neck Lateral Flexion

0-45, sitting/standing, measure with inclinometer or goniometer, axis on C7 spinous process, SA along thoracic spine, MA to the occipital protuberance

Neck Rotation

0-60, sitting/standing, axis on center of cranium, SA in sagittal plane, MA to tip of the nose

Thoracic-Lumbar Flexion

1 inch thoracic, 3 inches lumbar, standing, measure distance from C7 to T12 and T12 to S1, or put inclinometer at S1 or T12 and then subtract S1 from T12 to get the lumbar flexion

Thoracic-Lumbar Extension

Place inclinometer at T12

Thoracic-Lumbar Lateral Flexion

Place inclinometer at T12 perpendicular to spine

Hip Flexion

0-120, supine with knee flexed (knee extended for hamstring flexibility is 0-70 male and 0-90 female), axis on the greater trochanter of femur, SA on lateral midline and MA to lateral epicondyle of femur

Hip Extension

0-30, prone with knee straight (knee flexed to assess rectus femoris flexibility), axis on the greater trochanter of the femur, SA on lateral midline of pelvis and MA to the lateral epicondyle of the femur

Hip Abduction

0-45, supine, axis on ASIS of measured leg, SA between ASIS of both sides and MA on the anterior midline of femur

Hip Adduction

0-30, supine, axis on ASIS of measured leg, SA between ASIS of both sides and MA on the anterior midline of femur

Hip Internal Rotation

0-45, Sitting/prone/supine, axis over the inferior pole of the patella, SA perpendicular to the floor and MA along anterior shaft of the tibia

Hip External Rotation

0-45, Sitting/prone/supine, axis over the inferior pole of the patella, SA perpendicular to the floor and MA along anterior shaft of the tibia

Knee Extension

10 of hyperextension, supine with heel raised by table, axis on lateral epicondyle of the femur, SA towards greater trochanter of femur, MA towards lateral malleolus of fibula

Knee Flexion

0-135, supine, axis on lateral epicondyle of the femur, SA to greater trochanter of femur, MA to lateral malleolus of fibula

Ankle Dorsiflexion with knee extended

0-10, long sitting with knee extended, axis over lateral malleolus, SA lateral fibula to fibula head, MA parallel to 5th metatarsal

Ankle Dorsiflexion with knee flexed

0-20, short sitting with knee flexed, axis over lateral malleolus, SA lateral fibula to fibula head, MA parallel to 5th metatarsal

Ankle Plantarflexion

0-50, long sitting with knee extended, axis over lateral malleolus, SA lateral fibula to fibula head, MA parallel to 5th metatarsal

Ankle Inversion

0-35, long sitting with knee extended, axis on the anterior ankle between the medial and lateral malleolus, SA along anterior shaft of tibia, MA to 2nd MTP joint

Ankle Eversion

0-15, long sitting with knee extended, axis on the anterior ankle between the medial and lateral malleolus, SA along anterior shaft of tibia, MA to 2nd MTP joint

1st MTP Joint Extension

0-70, long sitting, axis on medial side of MTP joint, SA along medial side of 1st metatarsal, MA along medial side of proximal phalanx