Reformation in Switzerland, Germany, and England

Reformation

Religious movement in 16th century Europe that aimed to reform the Catholic Church and led to the establishment of Protestantism

Germany

Country where the Protestant Reformation originated, led by Martin Luther

Switzerland

Country with its own Reformation led by Ulrich Zwingli and later influenced by John Calvin

France

Country where the Reformation had significant impact, leading to religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss religious leader who played a key role in the Swiss Reformation and advocated for church reform

Swiss Revolution

Term used to describe the Reformation in Switzerland, which brought about significant changes in religious practices and governance

Cantons

States in Switzerland that had varying religious affiliations during the Reformation, with some being Catholic and others Protestant

Compromise

Agreement reached between different Swiss cantons with differing religious affiliations to maintain peace and coexistence

Mercenary troops

Soldiers hired by various nations to fight in wars, including those related to the Reformation

Church reform

Desire for changes in the practices and teachings of the Catholic Church, which was a central theme of the Reformation

Zurich

City in Switzerland where the Reformation took place under the leadership of Ulrich Zwingli

Clerical celibacy

Requirement for members of the clergy to remain unmarried, one of the issues challenged during the Reformation

Puritanical Protestantism

A strict form of Protestantism characterized by rigorous discipline and adherence to moral codes

Marburg Colloquy

Meeting between Ulrich Zwingli and Martin Luther in Marburg to discuss their theological differences and attempt to find common ground

Landgrave Philip of Hesse

Ruler who played a significant role in attempting to unite Swiss and German Protestants during the Reformation

Christ's presence in the Eucharist

Belief about the nature of the Eucharist, which was a point of contention between different Protestant groups

Swiss Civil Wars

Conflicts that occurred in Switzerland between Protestants and Catholics during the Reformation

Anabaptists

Protestant group that believed in adult baptism and advocated for the separation of church and state

Mennonites

Descendants of the Anabaptists who continue to practice their beliefs and values

Amish

Descendants of the Anabaptists who live in close-knit communities and adhere to traditional practices

Priesthood of all believers

Belief that all believers have direct access to God and can interpret scripture, rejecting the hierarchical structure of the Catholic Church

Anabaptist reign in Munster

Period when Anabaptists gained control of the city of Munster in Germany, leading to radical social and religious changes

John Calvin

Prominent leader of the Genevan Reformation and founder of Calvinism, a major branch of Protestantism

Calvinism

Religious belief system founded by John Calvin, emphasizing predestination and the sovereignty of God's will

Predestination

Belief that God has already determined who will be saved and who will be damned

Geneva

City in Switzerland where John Calvin established his reformation and exerted significant influence

Political revolt in Geneva

Revolt against the ruling prince bishop in Geneva, which led to the establishment of a more Protestant government

Strasbourg

City where John Calvin moved and served as a pastor before settling in Geneva

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Seminal book written by John Calvin, providing a comprehensive explanation of his theological beliefs

Elect

Term used in Calvinism to refer to those predestined by God to receive salvation

Protestant refugees

People who sought refuge in Geneva due to religious persecution in their home countries

Women's paradise

Geneva's reputation for providing greater rights and protections for women compared to other places during the Reformation

Diet of Augsburg

Imperial meeting called by Charles V to address the religious divisions caused by the Reformation

Schmalkaldic League

Alliance of Protestant princes in Germany formed to defend their interests and promote the spread of Protestantism

Augsburg Confession

Protestant statement of faith presented at the Diet of Augsburg, outlining the beliefs and practices of Lutheranism

Educational reforms

Changes in the education system during the Reformation, including the establishment of compulsory education in some areas

Lutheranism

Form of Protestantism based on the teachings of Martin Luther, which became the dominant religious tradition in parts of Germany and Scandinavia

Denmark

Country where Lutheranism thrived and became the official state religion

Sweden

Country where Lutheranism gained widespread acceptance and became the dominant religious tradition

Poland

Country known for its religious tolerance during the Reformation, allowing for coexistence between Catholics, Protestants, and other religious groups

Reaction against Protestants

Opposition and resistance to the spread of Protestantism, often leading to religious conflicts and persecution

Imperial armies

Military forces employed by the Holy Roman Empire to suppress the Schmalkaldic League and other Protestant uprisings

Peace of Augsburg

Treaty signed in 1555 that recognized the principle of cuius regio, eius religio, allowing rulers to determine the religion of their territories

England

Country where the Reformation took place under the reign of Henry VIII and subsequent monarchs

Cardinal Thomas Wolsey

Chief minister who opposed Protestantism and played a role in the early stages of the English Reformation

Thomas More

Prominent figure who opposed Protestantism and later faced execution for refusing to recognize Henry VIII as the head of the Church of England

Henry VIII

King of England during the Reformation, known for his break with the Catholic Church and establishment of the Church of England

Defender of the Faith

Title given to Henry VIII by the Pope for his defense of Catholicism, which he later renounced

King's Affair

Term used to describe Henry VIII's desire to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, leading to his conflict with the Catholic Church

Anne Boleyn

Second wife of Henry VIII, whose marriage to Henry played a significant role in the English Reformation

Thomas Cromwell

Advisor to Henry VIII who supported the break from Rome and played a key role in the English Reformation

Thomas Cranmer

Archbishop of Canterbury who supported the break from Rome and played a key role in the establishment of the Church of England

Reformation Parliament

Parliament in England that passed laws to support the break from Rome and the establishment of the Church of England

Act of Supremacy

Law passed by the Reformation Parliament declaring Henry VIII as the supreme head of the Church of England

Thomas More's execution

Execution of Thomas More for refusing to recognize Henry VIII as the head of the Church of England

Dissolution of monasteries

Process of closing religious institutions, including monasteries, in England during the English Reformation

Anne Boleyn's execution

Execution of Anne Boleyn on charges of treason, following her marriage to and subsequent fall from favor with Henry VIII

Jane Seymour

Third wife of Henry VIII, who gave birth to his only legitimate son, Edward VI

Edward VI

Son of Henry VIII who succeeded him as king and ruled during a period of Protestant reform in England

Religious conservatism

Henry VIII's continued adherence to Catholic beliefs despite his break from the Catholic Church

Six Articles

Laws passed during Henry VIII's reign that reaffirmed Catholic doctrines and suppressed Protestant practices

Edward VI's reign

Period of Protestant reform and religious changes that occurred during the reign of Edward VI in England

Act of Uniformity

Law passed during Edward VI's reign that imposed the use of the Book of Common Prayer in English churches

Mary I

Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, who became queen and sought to return England to Catholicism