Physiology Test Cycle 1

Connective Tissue

Tissue that connects, anchors, and supports structures in the body, such as bone, adipose, blood, loose, dense, and cartilage.

Muscle Tissue

Tissue responsible for movement in the body, including skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.

Nervous Tissue

Specialized tissue found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral neurons, conducting electrical signals to regulate body functions.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue specialized for secretion, absorption, and protection, characterized by shape, arrangement, and function like cuboidal, columnar, squamous, and ciliated.

Homeostasis

The dynamic process that maintains the body's internal balance, regulated by negative feedback systems, positive feedback systems, local responses, chemical messengers, and gap junctions.

Circulatory System

Responsible for the transport of blood throughout the body.

Digestive System

Functions in the digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.

Endocrine System

Regulates various body activities like growth, metabolism, and reproduction through hormones.

Immune System

Defends against pathogens and foreign invaders.

Musculoskeletal System

Supports, protects, and facilitates movement in the body.

Nervous System

Regulates body activities, responds to environmental changes, and controls subconscious functions.

Respiratory System

Facilitates gas exchange and regulates body fluid pH.

Urinary System

Regulates plasma composition by controlled excretion of salts, water, and wastes.

Endocytosis

Cellular process of engulfing substances through fluid, phagocytosis, or receptor-mediated mechanisms.

Exocytosis

Process of releasing substances out of the cell using vesicles.

Active Transport

Energy-requiring process that moves molecules against their concentration gradient.

Osmolarity

Total solute concentration in a solution affecting water movement across membranes.

Hemostasis

Process of blood clot formation to prevent excessive bleeding.

Anemia

Condition characterized by low hemoglobin and red blood cells, with types like microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemia.

Immune Response

Involves leukocytes like neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-6.

Mucus

Substance that makes it hard for pathogens to move

Ciliary action

Mechanism that captures pathogens

Inflammation

Body's response to harmful stimuli

Stages of inflammation

Sequence of events in the inflammatory process

Chemotaxis

Movement of cells in response to chemical stimuli

Opsonin

Substance that enhances phagocytosis

Phagocytes

Cells that engulf and digest pathogens

Antibody

Protein produced by B cells to neutralize pathogens

Cytokines

Signaling molecules involved in immune responses

Tolerance

Body's ability to recognize self from non-self

Memory cells

Cells that "remember" pathogens for quicker responses

Immune memory

Ability to respond faster upon re-exposure to a pathogen

Graft rejection

Immune response against transplanted organs

Hypersensitivity

Exaggerated immune response causing damage

Endocrinology

Study of hormones and their effects

Steroid hormones

Hormones derived from cholesterol

Thyroid hormones

Hormones produced by the thyroid gland

Thyroid Hormones

Hormones with metabolic actions, permissive actions, and roles in growth and development.

Metabolic Action

Involves maintaining energy for the sodium-potassium pump, generating heat, and metabolizing carbohydrates and lipids.

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

Regulates calcium balance by affecting bones, kidneys, and intestine.

Calcitonin

Counters PTH by remodeling bones and decreasing calcium uptake in kidneys.

Cortisol

Influences amino acids, glucose release, and lipid metabolism in muscles, liver, adipose tissue, and pancreas.

Adrenergic Receptors

Include alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-2 receptors with distinct effects on vasoconstriction, cardiac function, and bronchodilation.

Aldosterone

Acts on the kidneys to increase sodium and water retention.

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

Involves releasing hormones from the hypothalamus that stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete various hormones.

Blood Sugar Control

Involves insulin and glucagon regulating glucose levels by promoting storage or release, respectively, based on blood glucose levels and other hormonal inputs.