making and purifying organic substances

• organic substances
  • organic chemistry is the study of carbon based compounds that are formed using covalent bonds
  • carbon is unusual in that it can form bonds with other carbon atoms
  • it can form up to four bonds with other atoms
  • there are different groups of organic substances with different physical and chemical properties which are dependant on specific groups of atoms called functional groups
• general rules for naming organic compounds
  • count the longest carbon chain,this forms part of the name
  • 1 carbon = meth-
  • 2carbons - eth-
  • 3 carbons - prop-
  • 4 carbons - but-
  • 5 carbons - pent-
  • 6 carbons - hex-
• branches
  • if there is a carbon/hydrogen branch the main chain,this goes at the front of the name as below.
  • branches need to be numbered to show which carbon atom they are attached to on the chain (lowest number possible)
  • ch3 - methyl
  • ch2ch3 - ethyl
  • ch2ch2ch3 - propyl
• alkanes
  • these are hydrocarbons which contain single bond only
  • the end of the name is ane eg methane,ethane etc
• alkenes
  • these are hydrocarbons with a double c=c bond
  • the end of the name is -ene
  • if there are 4 or more carbons in the chain,the name needs to include a number of signify the position of the double bond eg but-1-ene
• haloalkanes
  • these are alkanes which one or more halogen atoms in group 7 replacing hydrocarbons
  • name the alkane as normal and the halogen goes at the beginning of the name numbered according to position on the chain
  • floro-
  • chloro-
  • bromo-
  • iodo-

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