MT

making and purifying organic substances

  • organic substances
    • organic chemistry is the study of carbon based compounds that are formed using covalent bonds
    • carbon is unusual in that it can form bonds with other carbon atoms
    • it can form up to four bonds with other atoms
    • there are different groups of organic substances with different physical and chemical properties which are dependant on specific groups of atoms called functional groups
  • general rules for naming organic compounds
    • count the longest carbon chain,this forms part of the name
    • 1 carbon = meth-
    • 2carbons - eth-
    • 3 carbons - prop-
    • 4 carbons - but-
    • 5 carbons - pent-
    • 6 carbons - hex-
  • branches
    • if there is a carbon/hydrogen branch the main chain,this goes at the front of the name as below.
    • branches need to be numbered to show which carbon atom they are attached to on the chain (lowest number possible)
    • ch3 - methyl
    • ch2ch3 - ethyl
    • ch2ch2ch3 - propyl
  • alkanes
    • these are hydrocarbons which contain single bond only
    • the end of the name is ane eg methane,ethane etc
  • alkenes
    • these are hydrocarbons with a double c=c bond
    • the end of the name is -ene
    • if there are 4 or more carbons in the chain,the name needs to include a number of signify the position of the double bond eg but-1-ene
  • haloalkanes
    • these are alkanes which one or more halogen atoms in group 7 replacing hydrocarbons
    • name the alkane as normal and the halogen goes at the beginning of the name numbered according to position on the chain
    • floro-
    • chloro-
    • bromo-
    • iodo-