Newtonian world

absolute zero

the lowest possible temp. of a system, where no heat remains and the particles in the system have no kinetic energy

Brownian motion

random motion of particles

specific heat capacity

the amount of energy needed to increase the temp. of 1kg of substance by 1 Kelvin

thermal equilibrium

a stable state in which there is no thermal heat transfer between two regions

Boyle’s Law

The pressure of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume when held at constant temperature.

P ∝ 1/V

Pressure Law

when volume is kept constant:

pressure is proportional to temperature \[P∝T\]

for an ideal gas

Charles’ Law

If pressure is kept constant:

volume is proportional to temperature \[P∝T\]

change of phase

the transition between solids, liquids and gases. During change in phase, there is a change odf internal energy but not temp.

solid

phase of matter in which particles can only vibrate about fixed positions, due to string intermolecular forces

liquid

phase of matter in which the particles can slide over each other, but still have forces of attraction between each other

gas

a phase of matter in which the particles are high energy and free to move. gases will fill the space they are placed in

state the assumptions for the kinetic theory of gases

* large no. of molecules in random, rapid motion
* particles occupy negligible volume compared to the volume of gas
* all collisions are perfectly elastic and the time of collisions is negligible compared to the time between collisions
* negligible forces between particles except during collisions

angular velocity

an object’s rate of change of angular postion

centripetal acceleration

the acceleration of an object moving in circular motion. any object in circular motion much have an acceleration since the direction of the object, and therefore the velocity of the object, is constantly changing

centripetal force

the resultant force responsible for an object moving in circular motion. Centripetal forces always act towards the centre of the object’s rotation

radian

a unit of angle

2π= 1 angular rotation

angular frequency

a measure of an object’s angular displacement per unit time

critical damping

the form of damping that reduces the displacement of an oscillating object to its equilibrium position in the quickest time possible and without further oscillation

damping

the dissipation of energy from an oscillating system. the consequence is that the amplitude of oscillation will decrease. damping occurs when a force opposes the system’s motion

forced oscillations

repeated up and down oscillations, at the frequency of the driver. the amplitude of oscillation is small at high frequencies and large at low frequencies

free oscillations

oscillations that are not cause by a driver. an object will naturally oscillate at its natural frequency

isochronous oscillator

an oscillator whose frequency is dependent to amplitude

natural frequency

the frequency that a system naturally oscillates at when there is no driving force

overdamping

where the system is damped more than required to stop the oscillations. It takes lover for the system to return to equilibrium than for critical damping

resonance

occurs when the frequency of oscillations is equal to the natural frequency of the oscillating system. the rate of energy transfer is at a maximum during resonance

simple harmonic motion

Motion where the acceleration of an object is

* directionally proportional
* in the opposite direction

to its displacement

underdamping

damping where energy is gradually removed from the system and the amplitude of oscillations slowly decrease

escape velocity

the minimum velocity required by an object to be able to escape a gravitational field of a mass when projected vertically from its surface

field lines

line representing the path that a mass would take when placed within the field

geostationary satellite

A satellite that orbits above the equator with a 24 hour period. it remains above the same position on the earth

gravitational field strength

the force per unit mass exerted on a mass placed within a field

gravitational field

a region surrounding a mass in which any other object with mass will experience an attractive force

gravitational potential energy

the component of an object’s energy due to its position in a gravitational field

gravitational potential

the work done per unit mass required to move a mass from infinity to that point

Keper’s 1st Law

all plants travel in elliptical orbits, centred around the foci

Kepler’s 2nd Law

all planets seep out the same area in a given period of time

Kepler’s 3rd Law

the square of a planets period is directly proportional to the cube of its mean distance to the sun

T^2 ∝ r^3

Newton’s law of gravitation

the forces between 2 masses is proportional to the product of the masses involved and inversely proportional to the square of the separation of the masses

Latent heat of fusion

Energy require to change a substance from solid to liquid

Latent heat of vaporisation

Energy required to change a substance from liquid to gas

Geostationary orbit

Spaceship is always vertically above the same point in the surface of earth/planet