AP Bio: 2.1 - Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

5.0(1)
studied byStudied by 6 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/43

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

:D remember to do the study guide!

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

44 Terms

1
New cards

How do organisms evolve?

Organisms change over time through natural selection. (we’ll get to that later)

2
New cards

How did Charles Darwin come to his conclusion of evolution? What did he notice?

Charles Darwin noticed that some fossilized organisms no longer exist on the planet. He also noticed that fossils of organisms do not always resemble their modern-day descendants completely.

3
New cards

Who is Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Another scientist who had a theory about how organisms change over time. (it was wrong btw)

4
New cards

Jean Baptiste Lamarck wrote what book?

Theory of Evolution (1809)

5
New cards

Jean Baptiste Lamarck’s theory of Use and Disuse

The parts of the body that were used/needed most often would get stronger and bigger. (eg. A giraffe’s neck growing longer)

6
New cards

Jean Baptiste Lamarck’s theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

Modifications can be passed on from parent to child.

7
New cards

Jean Baptiste Lamarck’s importance?

He recognized that species evolve, even though his explanation was flawed.

8
New cards

Evolutionary change is based on…

Interactions between populations & their environment which results in adaptations (inherited characteristics) to increase fitness <- survival of the fittest

9
New cards

Evolution (Darwin)

Descent with modification.

10
New cards

Evolution (normal def)

Change over time in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.

11
New cards

Natural Selection

Individuals with certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals.

Natural selection increases the adaptation of organisms to their environment over time.

If an environment changes over time, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions and may give rise to new species.

12
New cards

Evolution by Natural Selection

1.  Overproduction of offspring

2.  Variation exists among offspring. 

3.  Offspring struggle to survive (competition).

4.  Survival of the fittest or the best adapted.

5.  Best adapted reproduce and pass their genes to their offspring.

13
New cards

What is the source of the variation?

Sexual Reproduction (meiosis, crossing over, independent assortment and fertilization).

Mutations (random changes in nucleotide base sequences in DNA).

14
New cards

Did Darwin know about any of these sources of variation at the time?

Nope :D

15
New cards

What do the offspring compete for? (give examples)

They compete for food, mates, territory, shelter, hide from  predators.

16
New cards

Acquired characteristics are or are not passed to offspring?

Are not.

17
New cards

What did Darwin study to help lay the groundwork for his ideas.

Studying fossils.

18
New cards

What are fossils?

Remains or traces of organisms from the past, usually found in sedimentary rock, which appears in layers or strata.

19
New cards

Charles Darwin (who is he??)

English naturalist.

20
New cards

What did Darwin do in 1831?

1831: joined the HMS Beagle for a 5-year research voyage around the world.

21
New cards

What did he do while on his research voyage?

Collected and studied plant and animal specimens, bones, fossils.

22
New cards

What was his most notable stop?

The Galapagos Islands.

23
New cards

Resistant bacteria (define)

Antibiotic resistant bacteria are bacteria that are not controlled or killed by antibiotics.

24
New cards

Random mutation (define)

A random mutation occurs when your set of DNA is changed by being replicated incorrectly.

25
New cards

What do random mutations create?

Genetic variation.

26
New cards

Susceptibility of bacteria (define)

Susceptibility is a term used when microbe such as bacteria and fungi are unable to grow in the presence of one or more antimicrobial drugs.

27
New cards

Effectiveness of antibiotic (define)

How well they are able to kill bacteria or prevent them from reproducing and spreading. 

28
New cards

Adaptation (define)

A change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.

29
New cards

Antibiotic was the selecting factor (define)

The antibiotic was the selecting factor as to which bacteria were strongest/strong enough to survive and reproduce.

30
New cards

Pass on resistant genes to the next generation (define)

The bacteria that survive the antibiotic reproduce and pass on their resistant genes to the next generation of bacteria.

31
New cards

Do individuals evolve?

No. Populations evolve over time.

32
New cards

Natural selection can only or _ heritable traits that vary in a population

increase or decrease

33
New cards

Adaptations in different environments?

They vary.

34
New cards

What did Darwin hypothesize while on the Galapagos Islands.

He hypothesized that species from South America had colonized the Galápagos and speciated on the islands.

35
New cards

In reassessing his observations, what did Darwin perceive?

Adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes

36
New cards

Artificial selection

Modifying other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits. (like domestic animals → cats & dogs)

37
New cards

Natural selection does not only create new traits, but also…

edits or selects for traits already present in the population.

38
New cards

What determines which traits will be selected for or selected against?

The environment.

39
New cards

Evidence for Evolution

  1. Fossils
  2. Homologous Structures (similar anatomy)
  3. Similar Biochemistry (similar DNA, RNA, & amino acid sequences)
  4. Similar Embryo Development
  5. Vestigial Structures
40
New cards

Homology

Similarity resulting from common ancestry.

41
New cards

Homologous structures

Anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor. (eg. the forelimbs of humans, cats, whales, & bats)

42
New cards

Embryology

Anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms.

43
New cards

Vestigial structures

Remnants of features that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors.

44
New cards

Homologies at the molecular level

Genes shared among organisms inherited from a common ancestor.