Studied by 13 people
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Due to lack of wood on the Great Plains what was used to make fire?
buffalo chips (buffalo turds)
crazy horse
Sioux warrior - shirt wearer
stole a married woman
was a leader at little big horn who directly confronted Custer
Dawes Severalty Act
like the homestead act for native americans
divided up reservation land into 160 acre plots and promised citizenship to those who accepted the land
buffalo wallow
buffalo roll around in dirt to protect themselves from insects and cool them down during summer
this creates little craters in the ground called wallows
what is weather like West of the 100th meridian?
unpredictable -
little rainfall, fires, “trackless”, severe climate in summer and winter
Manifest Destiny
the idea that American was meant to settle west of the Mississippi and that it was ordained by God
Steel Tipped Plow
invention by John Deere which allowed farming in areas with tough soil
number of square miles in the West
2 million
main killer of buffalo
water
what was the failure percentage of homesteaders
60%
populist party
fought railroad prices that were hurting farmer’s businesses
wanted bimetalism (so was against the gold standard)
gain rights for industrial workers
settlers were always in a __________
reactionary position → they were always on the defensive against nature
which quote is from the annihilation stage
“the more indians we can kill this year, the less will have to be killed the next war…”
General William Sherman, 1867
spencer rifle
designed in 1860, was the choice of Buffalo hunters, which put settlers ahead of natives in terms of firepower
buffalo drop
indian tribe’s method of driving buffalo off a cliff to kill them
used prior to having horses
Scarecrow’s representation
farmer
wanted a brain
texas long horn
cattle suitable to survive on the Great plains
was an accidental cross breed of Spanihs and English cattle
which quote is from the evacuation phase
“this country is my country now, and I intend to stay here and raise my people to fill it. We did not give our country to you; you stole it…”
sitting bull
which quote is from the retaliation phase
“if you had a country which was very valuable, which had always belonged to your people… and men of another race came to take it away, what would your people do?”
gall (hunkpapa sioux)
how did buffalo hunters made their name
by killing buffalo to feed people building railroads
how many miles did Chief Joseph and Nez Perce fall short of Canada
forty
which animal had the greatest survival rate on the great plains
sheep
buffalo black diamond
representative of the frontier spirit when he appeared on the Indian Head Nickel but was unceremoniously butchered for his meat
who brought horses to great plains
Spain
bureau of indian affairs
responsible for the management of the Reservation System
many people in charge were corrupt and added to the government’s ability to keep promises
morrill act
made federal gov provide land to states in attempt to promote agricultural and mining colleges
transcontinental railroad
1870
utah → CA
split the great plain’s buffalo in two
Wakan Tanka
what plains tribes call the great spirit
what is the most integral part of the conception of the west
myth
why did 1/3 of the crow indians die
they were forbidden to hunt buffalo outside of the reservation so they starved to death
fence cutting wars
1881-1885
dispute over land between homesteaders and cowboys
mechanical reaper
invented by Cyrus McCormick, allowed faster grain harvesting
helped in the development of Americas “breadbasket”
which territory did the majority of settlers go
montana
tragedy of the commons
“he who gets the most takes the most”
killed lots of buffalo
ex) pizza
George Armstrong Custer
famous civil war veteran
finished last of his class at West Point
fails in little big horn battle
what strategy was used against natives
divide and conquer bc they lacked unification
what did homesteaders use to close of their land
barbed wire
cycle of success
farmers conundrum
farming is successful → attracts more farmers → prices go down → plant more crops just to make same amount of money → prices decrease due to surplus…
what makes buffalo suited for great plains
they can resist cold
what was discovered that promoted westward settlement the most
gold in CA, Alaska, and Nevada
shaman
name for spirital leader of plains tribes
natural predator of buffalo
wolves
exodusters
african americans who were southerners that moved West to escape prejudices and get land
yellow brick road represents
gold standard
american exceptionalism
theory that americans are special
Wiliam Jenning Bryan
gave the “cross of gold” speech
supported some of populist ideals, but dnot the extreme ones
lost 1896 election
which quote was said at Fettermans Bearue
“no indians, no matter how numerous could match a regiment of well diciplined US soliders.. with just 80 men…”
which political party absorbed populist party platforms
democrats
omaha :)
tin man represents
industrial worker
heart
Indian peace comission
federal agency
agreed to the Fort Laramie and Medicine lodge treaty to stop natives from killing settlers
sod
readly avalible home building material for homesteader’s houses
part of buffalo that was delicacy
tounge
sand creek massacre
Chivington got 650 volunteers from Denver, CO killed 150 of 800 Cheyenne people (black kettle tribe)
100 women and children dead
sitting bull
leader of Hunkpapa Lakota tribe
killed buffalo age 10
went on war party against Crow at 14
was a spirtial / holy man before 30
which tribe controled the South
Camanchee
which tribe controlled the North
Sioux
counting coop
person would reciveve honor / become a man by touching enemy in battle
which quote represents the reservation phase
“if we dont put that land into the hands of individual indians in five years less the homesteaders and ranchers will demand it all for nothing”
Henry Dawes to Charles Eastman (“civilized“ Sioux)
which tribe walked to Oklahoma
Cherekee
lost 25% of people on 800 mile walk
ghost dance
creation of ghost shirts
reneued militarism in Paiute tribe
red cloud
chief of Sioux
went to Washington DC to delcare that he will protect Lodge Ridge trail and close the Bozeman trail to Montana miners
who went to “the west”
Spanish, Russians, british, french, chinese
events under reservation phase
trail of tears: kicked into reservation
indian peace commssion
bereau of indian affairs
dawes serveralty act
events under annihilation phase
sand creek massacre: attacked Cheyenne people while they were in reservation
wounded knee - ghost dance
events under retaliation phase
fetterman massacre / battle of a 100 slain
custers last stand / battle of little big horn
events under evacuation pahse
flight of the Nex Perce (oregon → canada)
sitting bull self exile (went to canada got kicked out bc of misunderstanding of cows)
cowboys and cow industry
cowboys would be hired to move cattle from diff places
carlisle industrial school
founder: general henry richard pratt
“kill the indian in him, and save the man”
who killed lincoln
John Wilkes Booth
antietam importance
lee wants to:
get marlyand to succed
get supplies
victory in north = england engvolvment
but his plans are revealed on a cigar
union vistory by McCulellen allows Lincoln to issue proclamation
changes focus of war
when was lincoln’s assination
1865
phases of Reconstruction
wartime reconstruction
presidential reconstruction (president Johnson)
radical/congressional reconstruction (republican congress)
sharecropping
systemic labor arrangement in the post-Civil War South where landowners provided land, tools, and supplies to mostly black farmers in exchange for a share of their crops.
Very unfair system, under very unfair terms
total war
destroy everything and take supplies like plantations, factories, cattle, animals, food from citizens but not killing them in order to lower moral of the people
march to the sea
campaign of total war against the South from Atlanta to Savannah led by Sherman
caused Lee’s men to surrender because they were starving and surrounded
what was the reason for 2/3 of casualties of the Civil War
disease
anaconda plan
take control of the Mississippi river. Cut the confederate land in half, limits their ability to move goods and troops
blockade confederate coastline with Union navy. coastline is 3500 miles long. union began with about 40 ships
invade heart of confederacy. takes 2-3 years to potentially win war fast after taking Richmond (confederate capital)
fourteenth amendment
anyone born in the United States is a citizen, ensuring equal rights and privileges for all.
battle at bull run
south wins
stonewall gets his nickname
proves war would be longer and bloodier than expected (not 90 just days)
scalawags
white republicans in the South during reconstruction
ku-klux-klan
terrorist group of ex-confederates that intimidated Blacks from voting
radical republicans
faction of the republican party that wanted to punish the South for the war
compromise of 1877
Hays wins presidential election because of republican deal to remove union troops from South. this deal caused terribly racist and unfair laws to be implemented with the absence of troops.
settled the contested election and ended reconstruction
vagrancy
"no visible means of support" a misdemeanor
panic of 1873
economic crisis in the United States triggered by the collapse of several major banks and the failure of railroad companies. Led to widespread unemployment, labor strikes, and social unrest.
Thaddeus Stevens
leader of the radical republicans
Ulysses S. Grant
became commander of the Union forces but chooses to continue fighting with the soldiers
failed lots of businesses - at one point worked for fathers company with his younger brother as his boss, calm under pressure, expert horseman
unspeakable slaughter and unconditional surrender
what illustrated the desire to keep Blacks as close to slavery as possible?
unfairness of labor contracts
carpet baggers
northerners who went south to run Republican policies
meeting engagement
two armies crossed paths at the town of Gettysburg
fifteenth amendment
gave voting rights to Blacks
William Sherman
Grant’s most trusted general
“uncle billy”
west point (6th) fought in war, played important role in gold rush, charge of KY army, quick to follow and carry out orders
reconstruction
era of political struggle in the reunification of the nation
appomattox
site of Confederate surrender, April 1865
was at some random guy’s house
military reconstruction act of 1867
under this act, the federal government sent the military to occupy the South
south was broken into 5 military districts
souther occupation: union troops were a constant reminders of their loss
southern states had to accept 14th admendment
little round top
hill on the Union flank defended by the 20th Maine
rightwheel forward holds union line
what happened to northern economy
increased by 50%
what happened to southern economy
decreased by 60%
restoration
term used to describe a more lenient approach to unification
emancipation proclamation
justified as a war tactic but changed the moral focus of the war
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Flashcard (34)