USH sem 1

Due to lack of wood on the Great Plains what was used to make fire?

buffalo chips (buffalo turds)

crazy horse

Sioux warrior - shirt wearer

stole a married woman

was a leader at little big horn who directly confronted Custer

Dawes Severalty Act

like the homestead act for native americans

divided up reservation land into 160 acre plots and promised citizenship to those who accepted the land

buffalo wallow

buffalo roll around in dirt to protect themselves from insects and cool them down during summer

this creates little craters in the ground called wallows

what is weather like West of the 100th meridian?

unpredictable -

little rainfall, fires, “trackless”, severe climate in summer and winter

Manifest Destiny

the idea that American was meant to settle west of the Mississippi and that it was ordained by God

Steel Tipped Plow

invention by John Deere which allowed farming in areas with tough soil

number of square miles in the West

2 million

main killer of buffalo

water

what was the failure percentage of homesteaders

60%

populist party

fought railroad prices that were hurting farmer’s businesses

wanted bimetalism (so was against the gold standard)

gain rights for industrial workers

settlers were always in a __________

reactionary position → they were always on the defensive against nature

which quote is from the annihilation stage

“the more indians we can kill this year, the less will have to be killed the next war…”

• General William Sherman, 1867

spencer rifle

designed in 1860, was the choice of Buffalo hunters, which put settlers ahead of natives in terms of firepower

buffalo drop

indian tribe’s method of driving buffalo off a cliff to kill them

used prior to having horses

Scarecrow’s representation

farmer

wanted a brain

texas long horn

cattle suitable to survive on the Great plains

was an accidental cross breed of Spanihs and English cattle

which quote is from the evacuation phase

“this country is my country now, and I intend to stay here and raise my people to fill it. We did not give our country to you; you stole it…”

• sitting bull

which quote is from the retaliation phase

“if you had a country which was very valuable, which had always belonged to your people… and men of another race came to take it away, what would your people do?”

• gall (hunkpapa sioux)

how did buffalo hunters made their name

by killing buffalo to feed people building railroads

how many miles did Chief Joseph and Nez Perce fall short of Canada

forty

which animal had the greatest survival rate on the great plains

sheep

buffalo black diamond

representative of the frontier spirit when he appeared on the Indian Head Nickel but was unceremoniously butchered for his meat

who brought horses to great plains

Spain

bureau of indian affairs

responsible for the management of the Reservation System

many people in charge were corrupt and added to the government’s ability to keep promises

morrill act

made federal gov provide land to states in attempt to promote agricultural and mining colleges

transcontinental railroad

1870

utah → CA

split the great plain’s buffalo in two

Wakan Tanka

what plains tribes call the great spirit

what is the most integral part of the conception of the west

myth

why did 1/3 of the crow indians die

they were forbidden to hunt buffalo outside of the reservation so they starved to death

fence cutting wars

1881-1885

dispute over land between homesteaders and cowboys

mechanical reaper

invented by Cyrus McCormick, allowed faster grain harvesting

helped in the development of Americas “breadbasket”

which territory did the majority of settlers go

montana

tragedy of the commons

“he who gets the most takes the most”

killed lots of buffalo

ex) pizza

George Armstrong Custer

famous civil war veteran

finished last of his class at West Point

fails in little big horn battle

what strategy was used against natives

divide and conquer bc they lacked unification

what did homesteaders use to close of their land

barbed wire

cycle of success

farmers conundrum

farming is successful → attracts more farmers → prices go down → plant more crops just to make same amount of money → prices decrease due to surplus…

what makes buffalo suited for great plains

they can resist cold

what was discovered that promoted westward settlement the most

gold in CA, Alaska, and Nevada

shaman

name for spirital leader of plains tribes

natural predator of buffalo

wolves

exodusters

african americans who were southerners that moved West to escape prejudices and get land

yellow brick road represents

gold standard

american exceptionalism

theory that americans are special

Wiliam Jenning Bryan

gave the “cross of gold” speech

supported some of populist ideals, but dnot the extreme ones

lost 1896 election

which quote was said at Fettermans Bearue

“no indians, no matter how numerous could match a regiment of well diciplined US soliders.. with just 80 men…”

which political party absorbed populist party platforms

democrats

omaha :)

tin man represents

industrial worker

heart

Indian peace comission

federal agency

agreed to the Fort Laramie and Medicine lodge treaty to stop natives from killing settlers

sod

readly avalible home building material for homesteader’s houses

part of buffalo that was delicacy

tounge

sand creek massacre

Chivington got 650 volunteers from Denver, CO killed 150 of 800 Cheyenne people (black kettle tribe)

100 women and children dead

sitting bull

leader of Hunkpapa Lakota tribe

killed buffalo age 10

went on war party against Crow at 14

was a spirtial / holy man before 30

which tribe controled the South

Camanchee

which tribe controlled the North

Sioux

counting coop

person would reciveve honor / become a man by touching enemy in battle

which quote represents the reservation phase

“if we dont put that land into the hands of individual indians in five years less the homesteaders and ranchers will demand it all for nothing”

• Henry Dawes to Charles Eastman (“civilized“ Sioux)

which tribe walked to Oklahoma

Cherekee

lost 25% of people on 800 mile walk

ghost dance

creation of ghost shirts

reneued militarism in Paiute tribe

red cloud

chief of Sioux

went to Washington DC to delcare that he will protect Lodge Ridge trail and close the Bozeman trail to Montana miners

who went to “the west”

Spanish, Russians, british, french, chinese

events under reservation phase

trail of tears: kicked into reservation

indian peace commssion

bereau of indian affairs

dawes serveralty act

events under annihilation phase

sand creek massacre: attacked Cheyenne people while they were in reservation

wounded knee - ghost dance

events under retaliation phase

fetterman massacre / battle of a 100 slain

custers last stand / battle of little big horn

events under evacuation pahse

flight of the Nex Perce (oregon → canada)

sitting bull self exile (went to canada got kicked out bc of misunderstanding of cows)

cowboys and cow industry

cowboys would be hired to move cattle from diff places

carlisle industrial school

founder: general henry richard pratt

“kill the indian in him, and save the man”

who killed lincoln

John Wilkes Booth

antietam importance

lee wants to:

• get marlyand to succed

• get supplies

• victory in north = england engvolvment

but his plans are revealed on a cigar

union vistory by McCulellen allows Lincoln to issue proclamation

changes focus of war

when was lincoln’s assination

1865

phases of Reconstruction

• wartime reconstruction

• presidential reconstruction (president Johnson)

• radical/congressional reconstruction (republican congress)

sharecropping

systemic labor arrangement in the post-Civil War South where landowners provided land, tools, and supplies to mostly black farmers in exchange for a share of their crops.

Very unfair system, under very unfair terms

total war

destroy everything and take supplies like plantations, factories, cattle, animals, food from citizens but not killing them in order to lower moral of the people

march to the sea

campaign of total war against the South from Atlanta to Savannah led by Sherman

caused Lee’s men to surrender because they were starving and surrounded

what was the reason for 2/3 of casualties of the Civil War

disease

anaconda plan

1. take control of the Mississippi river. Cut the confederate land in half, limits their ability to move goods and troops

2. blockade confederate coastline with Union navy. coastline is 3500 miles long. union began with about 40 ships

3. invade heart of confederacy. takes 2-3 years to potentially win war fast after taking Richmond (confederate capital)

fourteenth amendment

anyone born in the United States is a citizen, ensuring equal rights and privileges for all.

battle at bull run

south wins

stonewall gets his nickname

proves war would be longer and bloodier than expected (not 90 just days)

scalawags

white republicans in the South during reconstruction

ku-klux-klan

terrorist group of ex-confederates that intimidated Blacks from voting

radical republicans

faction of the republican party that wanted to punish the South for the war

compromise of 1877

Hays wins presidential election because of republican deal to remove union troops from South. this deal caused terribly racist and unfair laws to be implemented with the absence of troops.

settled the contested election and ended reconstruction

vagrancy

"no visible means of support" a misdemeanor

panic of 1873

economic crisis in the United States triggered by the collapse of several major banks and the failure of railroad companies. Led to widespread unemployment, labor strikes, and social unrest.

Thaddeus Stevens

leader of the radical republicans

Ulysses S. Grant

became commander of the Union forces but chooses to continue fighting with the soldiers

failed lots of businesses - at one point worked for fathers company with his younger brother as his boss, calm under pressure, expert horseman

unspeakable slaughter and unconditional surrender

what illustrated the desire to keep Blacks as close to slavery as possible?

unfairness of labor contracts

carpet baggers

northerners who went south to run Republican policies

meeting engagement

two armies crossed paths at the town of Gettysburg

fifteenth amendment

gave voting rights to Blacks

William Sherman

Grant’s most trusted general

“uncle billy”

west point (6th) fought in war, played important role in gold rush, charge of KY army, quick to follow and carry out orders

reconstruction

era of political struggle in the reunification of the nation

appomattox

site of Confederate surrender, April 1865

was at some random guy’s house

military reconstruction act of 1867

under this act, the federal government sent the military to occupy the South

1. south was broken into 5 military districts

2. souther occupation: union troops were a constant reminders of their loss

3. southern states had to accept 14th admendment

little round top

hill on the Union flank defended by the 20th Maine

rightwheel forward holds union line

what happened to northern economy

increased by 50%

what happened to southern economy

decreased by 60%

restoration

term used to describe a more lenient approach to unification

emancipation proclamation

justified as a war tactic but changed the moral focus of the war