Expanded Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide

These flashcards cover key concepts from the Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Blood, Endocrine, and Reproductive systems in human anatomy and physiology.

What do arteries do?

carry blood away from the heart and have the thickest tunica media.

What are the functions of veins?

carry blood toward the heart and contain valves to prevent backflow.

What is the main function of capillaries?

allow for nutrient, oxygen, and waste exchange between blood and tissues.

What does the aorta do?

distributes oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation.

What do the vena cava do?

brings deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

What is the role of pulmonary arteries?

transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

What do pulmonary veins do?

return oxygenated blood to the heart.

What is the tunica interna?

is lined with endothelium that reduces friction within vessels.

Where is blood pressure highest?

arteries.

How does the circulatory system work with the respiratory system?

delivers oxygen and removes CO₂.

What are the major functions of the lymphatic system?

Fluid balance, absorption of dietary fats, and immune protection.

What do lymph nodes do?

filter harmful substances and house lymphocytes.

What does the spleen do?

stores platelets, filters blood, and participates in immune responses.

What is the primary function of the thymus?

produces T-lymphocytes and is active in childhood.

What are lacteals?

in the small intestine // absorb fat into the lymphatic system as chyle.

What is the role of epithelial tissue?

forms protective barriers and lines organs and cavities.

What is included in connective tissue?

Bone, blood, cartilage, adipose, and ligaments.

What are the types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary, striated), smooth (involuntary).

What does nervous tissue consist of?

neurons and neuroglia that support signal transmission.

What are the key functions of the skeletal system?

Provides structure, movement, protection, and mineral storage.

What is produced in bone marrow?

produces RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.

What are the major types of joints?

Hinge, ball-and-socket, pivot, and gliding joints.

What is the function of the rectus femoris?

part of the quadriceps group responsible for knee extension.

What do tendons and ligaments do?

attach muscle to bone// attach bone to bone.

What does the CNS include?

includes the brain and spinal cord.

What is the role of dendrites?

receive stimuli.

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

controls blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing.

What is the function of the diaphragm?

drives ventilation.

What is the function of hepatocytes in the liver?

produces bile.

What does the pancreas secrete?

secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate.

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

filter blood, regulate electrolytes, control blood pressure, and produce urine.

What is hemoglobin's role in the blood?

binds oxygen and carbon dioxide.

What do endocrine glands do?

release hormones to regulate growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

What is the reproductive system responsible for?

produces gametes and supports fetal development.