Bis2B plante lineage

Multicellularity

Some cell in the "body" of an organism give up the ability to reproduce. Multiple cells come together

Plant Cells I

When plants cells have a nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast they also have plasmodesmata (cell-to-cell junctions)

Plant Cells II

When plant cells have primary or primary and secondary cell walls. Secondary cell walls have lignin.

Meristem

There are two types : 1) apical (Shoot apical meristem and Root apical meristem), 2: lateral

Dermal Tissues

Forms epidermis and secrete waxy compounds that protect the plant from desiccation. Is the outer layer of sells that covers the plant. Are guard cells, trichomes, and root hairs.

Vascular Tissues

Transport Water, minerals, and sugar. Xylem and phloem.

Ground Tissues

Fill in the inner space of the plant and preform metabolic, support and storage functions.

Parenchyma

Living, storage, and metavolism

Collenchyma

Living, flexible support

Sclerenchyma

Dead, lignin, stiff support. Has secondary cell walls

Green Plants

Include multiple lineage of green algae and land plants. They mostly use chlorophyll B and carotenoids. They mostly store energy as starch inside their chloroplast, which granules inside the chloroplast.

Land Plants(embryophytes)/ Bryophytes

All have protected embryos, Sporophytes, and Airborne Spores

Meiosis

2n-> 4 (n)

Mitosis

n->n

Diplontic Life Cycle

Everything but the Gamestes stage is diploid; Has a multicellular diploid adult stage. This life cycle is the cycle of animals.

Haplontic Life Cycle

Everything but the Zygote stage is a haploid; Lacks a multicellular diploid stage. Most algae have a haplontic life cylce.

Alternation of Generations

All land plants have alternation of generations

Bryophytes

Consists of three lineages; liverworts, moss, and hornworts. Are small and usually live in moist environment. They do not have xylem and phloem, and do not have leaves or roots. Is Gametophyte dominant and sporophyte dependent

Rhizoids

multicellular extensions of the gametophyte used for water absorption and anchoring

Ectohydric

Absorb water across their whole surface

Endohydric

Absorbs water through rhizoids

Hydroids

Conducts water in bryophytes

Leptoids

Conducts sugar in bryophytes

Sporophyte(in bryophyte)

Produces airborne spores; they are resistant to desiccation because of sporopollenin

Sporopollenin

Coats the outside of the spores to reduce water loss

Liverworts (bryophyte)

Has the smallest sporophytes among land plants

Mosses (bryophyte)

Has an elongates, stalked sporophyte. The cap of the sporophyte is called a the sporangium

Hornworts (bryophyte)

Has a persistently green sporophyte with indeterminate growth

Leaves parts

Has 3 main parts: blade, midrib, and petiole

Stems

Nodes have meristematic tissue from which leaves or other organs grow; internodes are the sections between nodes

Roots

Roots have 3 parts: RAM, root cap, and root hair

Flower

Also have the ovary, ovule, integument, and megagametophyte

Land Plant advantages

Mor sunlight and increase in CO2

Land Plants disadvantages

Desiccation, support, and reproduction

Glaucophytes

Freshwater, unicellular algae that retain a layer of peptidoglycan in their chloroplasts. Uses chlorophyll a

Red Algae

Mostly marine, multicellular, and uses phycobilins (phycoerythrin) which gives them a red color

Vascular Plants( Tracheophytes)

They have vascular tissues(xylem and phloem. Have a branching, independent sporophyte, roots, and tracheids. Have dominant Sporophyte with complex, branched growth. In seedless vascular plants the gametophyte is small and live independently

Roots

Anchor the plant, Absorb water and mineral, and store the products of photosynthesis.

Tracheids

The first type of xylem tissue that evolved; transports water. Have lignified secondary cell walls and are dead at maturity. A type of xylem

Vessel Elements

Evolved in angiosperms and gnetophytes. They are larger and connected end-to-end. "Boba straw"

Phloem

Is the photosynthate conducting tissue. It is alive and has 2 parts, the sieve tube element and companion cells. Mature sieve tubes lack organelles and the companion cells keeps them alive

Water Cohesion and Adhesion

Water is "sticky" due to the hydrogen bonds it forms. Cohesion, water sticks to water. Adhesion water sticks to non water molecules.

Lycophyes (Vascular Plants)

Have microphylls and many have strolili. Includes Quillworts, Lycopodium, and Selaginella

Microphylls

leaves that have a single bundle of vascular tissue; they evolved from sporangia and are synapomorphy of lycophyes

Sporangia

Spore-producing structures. A linear cluster of sporangia is calles a strobilus. Contains spores that develop into gametophytes via mitiosis

Heterospory

Modification of the plant life cycle where there are two sizes of spores. Each spore size develops into a different gametophyte. Selaginella are heterosporous.

Heterosporous Life Cycle

There are two types of spores and each one with develops into a specialized gametophyte

Euphyllophytes

Have megaphylls, overtopping growth and a DNA chloroplast inversion

Megaphllys

The large, highly vascularized leaves; they are the primary organs of photosynthesis

Overtopping

A type of growth where there is uneven growth of the stem

Ferns

The largest groups of seedless vascular plants(12,000 species) with a fossil record that spans 360 million years

Horsetails (or Equisetum)

Has a hollow stem with a whorl of reduced leaves. They have woody strobili at their tips

Whisk Ferns (or Psilotum)

Is a genus of monilophytes with reduced roots,dichotomous branching, sporangia at nodes, and "microphylls"

Seed Plants

They all made seed and pollen (angiosperms and gymnosperms). Have Seeds, Pollen, Heterospory, and secondary growth. Gametophyte is retained and is nourished by the sporophyte

Progymnosperms

Were large tree-like and woody but did not produce seed. Evolved before seed "ferns". Secondary xylem evolved first then followed up by seeds

Seed "ferns"

The first plants to evolve seeds

Seeds

All seeds contains an embryo with germinates under favorable conditions. May be dispersed by water, wind and animal

Gymnosperm VS Angiosperm

In gymnosperms the megagametophyte is still large engought (~2000 cells) to have archegonia; Angiosperm megagametophyte are just 7 cells and the archegonium is lost

Plant Growth

Primary: adds length. Secondary: adds width

Auxin

Hormone involved in apical dominance and phototropism. Produced in SAM. Stimulate cell expansion (phototropism). Suppresses growth in axillary meristems (apical dominance)

Secondary Growth

Secondary growth is caused by cell divisions in the bifacial vascular cambium (BVC). In the summer secondary growth is larger in diameter and less lignified and in the winter the cell diameter is more lignified

Bark

Bark is formed by a separate lateral meristem

Gymnosperms

Lacks ovaries. "Naked" Plants

Megasporangia

Seed cones; give rise to female gametophytes. The megasporangia develops into the megagametophyte

Microsporangia

Pollen cones. Later pollen leaves the plant via wind. The microsporangia produces microspores which then develops into microgametophytes (pollen)

Cyacads

Large, compound leaves and a separate male and female plant

Gnetophytes

They have paired, opposite leaves, vessel elements, and double fertilization( no endosperm is produced). The three sub groups which consists of Welwitschia, Ephedra, Gnetum

Welwitschia

Occur in the fog deserts of Namibia and Angola, using the moisture from the fog to keep them alive in the extremely arid environment

Ginkgo Biloba

The last surviving member of a once more diverse and widespread lineage (Ginkgoales). The leaves are divided into two lobes. They have separate male and female plants

Taiga

The taiga forms most of the biomass in the Northern Hemisphere. It is dominated by conifers.

Seortiny

An adaptation in plants where seeds are only released when there is an environmental trigger; the most famous is fire

Coast Redwood

The tallest trees in the world. They are arelictual lineage (their closest relative is the Dawn Redwood in China)

Giant Redwoods

Endemic to California, growing in small groves in the Sierra Nevada

Bristlecone Pines

Among the oldest living organisms, with some individuals over 5,000 years old

Cytokinin

Hormone that has complex effect on plant growth. It is produced in the RAM. It encourages growth in the axillary meristems.

Angiosperms

Synapomorphies of angiosperms includes flowers, double fertilization, and vessel elements. Included 3 main lineages, "Basal" Angiosperm, Monocots, Eudicots.

Perfect Flower

Has both male and female parts. Stamen and carpel

Imperfect Flower

Has either male or female parts. Stamen or carpel

Monoecious

Has both sexes of flowers on the plant

Dioecious

Has one sex on a plant

Gymnosperm Seed

Has an embryo (2n), nutritive tissue (n), and a seed coat (2n)

Angiosperm Seed

Has an embryo (2n), nutritive tissue (3n), and a seed coat (2n), and an ovary wall

Drupe

A simple fruit that contains a stony pit; the seed inside the pit. This type of fruit is formed from one flower with a single carpel.

Berry

A simple fruit where the ovary wall becomes enlarged and is usually juicy. This type of fruit is formed from one flower with a single carpet. The carpet may contain multiple ovule

Aggregated fruit

Results from several independent carpets on a single flower

Multiple fruits

Result of the fusion of multiple flowers (each with its own carpel)

Pomes

Are accessory fruits; part of the fruit is formed from tissues outside of the ovary

Grains

(corn, rice, wheat) Have the ovary wall and seed coat fused (caryopsis)

Moth

White, strong odor, and no landing pad

Hummingbird

Red, lots of nectar, and no landing pad

Bee

Nectar and a landing pad

Fly

Mottled color and a strong odor

Chloroplast Structure

Light Reaction

PSII is first and takes in light and water and produces O2 and hydrogen ions. Same in PSII. NADPH and ATP gets produces and gets used in the stroma which gets used in the calvin cycle

Calvin Cycle

CAM Plants

Stomata are closed during the day but open at night. CO2 is stored as malic acid (in vacuoles) which is then used to feed the calvin cycle during the day

C4 Plants

3-carbon compounds are converted into 4-carbon compounds in the mesophyll cells. The 4-carbon compounds are then pumped into the bundle sheath cells which is where the calvin cycle occurs. Calvin cycle occurs separately from the light reaction

Monocots

Have a single cotyledon pressed against the endosperm. Has scattered bundles. Have flowers in groups of 3. Have parallel veins. Have fibrous roots.

Eudicots

The embryo have 2 leaves. Has vascular bundles. Have flowers in groups of 4 or 5. Have leaves with netted veins. Have taproots.