Unit 7: Global Warfare - Study Guide

Describe the factors that led to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

The factors that led to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire were the lack of technological developments and the imbalance of trade between the east and the west.

Describe the factors that led to the collapse of the Russian Empire.

A key factor that led to the collapse of the Russian Empire was their involvement in WWI consumed too many of their resources causing their economy and society a lot of troubles. Since over 15 million men joined the war, there was a worker shortage in many farms and factories. This also led to food and material shortages which slowly caused Russian cities to be consumed in famine.

Describe the factors that led to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty in China.

The factors that led to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty in China were corruption, peasant unrest, and governmental incompetence. Western Powers also played a role because by pressuring the government into unfair treaties and into trading.

What factors led to the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917?

The Bolshevik Revolution was caused from many internal causes. These included lack of economic growth, lack of professional industrialization, autocratic policies of the czars, Russo-Japanese War, and World War I.

What were some of the outcomes of the Bolshevik Revolution? What changes did they bring?

An outcome of the Bolshevik Revolution was overthrowing their leader Tsar Nicholas and the establishment of a communist government. A change that was brought was a factory control given to workers and farmland distribution amongst peasants.

Generally, what are some external factors that led to change in states after 1900?

External factors that led to change in states after 1900 are domination of the global political order, challenging current political order and revolutions. An example would be when Japan defeated the Qing empire, which led to the Boxer Uprising and a social upheaval.

Generally, what are some internal factors that led to change in states after 1900?

The Ottoman, Russian, & Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors. WW1 was a catalyst for the Russian Revolution. Workers and women expressed outrage at the incompetent elites. These changes in Russia eventually led to communist

revolution. In the Qing empire, the Boxer Uprising weakened the Qing empire and the technological gap between the empire and the West was not closing at all, since the Qing empire's attempt to industrialize failed. In the Ottoman Empire, the central state and bureaucracy weakened and it relied on foreign loans and revenue. WW1 eventually led to the end of this empire state.

What role did militarism play in causing WWI?

Militarism is the buildup of arms and the forces of a country. In Europe, many countries were mobilizing their military because they believed that other rival countries were developing their military too fast, which could be a threat to them. In summary, the countries only mobilized their military for defense purposes. This buildup of arms in the countries led to increased tensions in Europe and increased tendencies to use these arms on one another.

What role did alliances play in causing WWI?

The alliances (Triple Alliance and Triple Entente) played a role in causing WW1. Since a Serbian nationalist assassinated a political figure in Austria-Hungary, Austria-Hungary eventually declared war on Serbia. Since Russia protected Serbia, Russia declared war on Austria-Hungary. Germany protected Austria, so it declared war on Russia. France and Britain joined later, and the US joined 3 years later. In summary, the alliances directly caused WW1 because of how a country of an opposing alliance can be protected by that country's allies and how those allies can declare war on the opposing allied countries.

What role did nationalism play in causing WWI?

Nationalism was prevalent in countries prior to WW1. Different ethnic tribes in Serbia developed nationalism. And some Serbian nationalists (in both Serbia and Austria-Hungary) were against Austria-Hungary's decision to merge with the Kingdom of Serbia. This nationalism led to a Serbian nationalist that assassinated the Austrian archduke that led to WW1.

What role did imperialism play in causing WWI?

Europe's imperial reach shaped the scope and conduct of the war. Colonial troops and laborers were funneled into the war effort. The British and French military conquered German colonies in Africa and the South Pacific. Japan was allied with Britain at the time, so the increasing imperial power took German colonies and demanded the same from China. Lastly, German submarines threatened American shipping (global trade) and therefore America's role on the stage of the world as an imperial power. This led America into WW1.

What role did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary play in causing WWI?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led to the Austrian Empire sending a list of demands to Serbia. Serbia denied these demands and Austria-Hungary officially declared war on Serbia. The pre-existing alliances (Central and Allied Powers) kickstarted the whole thing into action and the result was WW1. More specifically, Russia declared war on Serbia, Germany declared war on Russia, France declared war on Germany, Britain also declared war on Germany (because Belgium was invaded), and the US was later involved.

What is a total war? Why is WWI considered to be a total war?

WW1 required the mobilization of each country's entire population and conscription of people into the army, which is what a total war is fundamentally.

How did governments use propaganda to mobilize populations for the purpose of waging war?

Vast propaganda campaigns aroused citizens by depicting the enemy countries as cruel and inhuman who killed children and violated women. Labor unions therefore suspended strikes and women replaced the factories (for ammunition and goods) that men previously worked at (who were now soldiers) in order to support the country in WW1.

How did governments use nationalism to mobilize populations for the purpose of waging war?

The European world was viewed as an arena of conflict and competition among rival states. Therefore, schools, mass media, the government, and military service convinced millions of normal and ordinary Europeans that their national identities were meaningful. This ensured widespread popular support for the decision to wage war since statesmen had little room for compromise.

What new military technology used in WWI(1914-1918) led to increased levels of wartime casualties?

The rapid industrialization of warfare, such as submarines, tanks, airplanes, poison gas, barbed wire, machine guns, and trench warfare all caused increased levels of wartime casualties.

What caused the Great Depression?

The stock market crash of 1929, brought on by farms and factories producing more goods than can be sold and stock prices that were driven up to unsustainable levels, quickly affected the globe through ties to the US through trade, debt, and investment, which globalized the Great Depression.

What were the effects of the Great Depression on the USA?

In the USA, banks closed, many people lost their life savings, loans were denied leading to economic downturn, stock prices contracted, investment decreased, and global trade dropped by 62%. And unemployment rates soared, especially in the US. By 1932, it had the highest unemployment rate out of all developed countries.

What were the effects of the Great Depression outside of the US?

Some countries or colonies that gained their income from only exporting certain products were impacted a lot. Southeast Asia saw a decline in demand for its rubber. Britain's West African colony of the Gold Coast (Ghana now) was hurt by the decreasing price and value of cocoa. Latin American countries' exports had values that were cut in half. Unemployment and social tensions followed. Many people looked at the Soviet Union and how well off they were compared to other countries. This led to a widespread rejection of capitalism to people and a somewhat appeal towards socialism and the way of the USSR.

How did FDR's New Deal attempt to intervene in the US economy?

The New Deal spent money on public projects and infrastructure, which created jobs and decreased unemployment. Longer-term reforms, such as the Social Security system, minimum wage, and various life and welfare programs were established. Government agencies had a higher federal regulation and supervision over the economy.

How did the US emerge from the Great Depression?

WW2 brought US out of the Great Depression. The mobilization of the army, selling of ammunition, increased employment in the military, and opportunities Americans got at high paying jobs in defense positions in the military helped with this.

How did the economic crises of the Great Depression contribute to the rise of totalitarian governments?

This economic instability led to political instability. People in Europe began seeing how incompetent the current government was when it came to dealing with the Great Depression and its effects. The people wanted a new leader too. This political chaos was solved by charismatic leaders who established firm dictatorial regimes, such as Hitler's in Germany and the military's in Japan.

Describe the goals of Stalin's Five Year Plans.

Stalin wanted to build a socialist society. To do that, he wanted to modernize and industrialize the "backwards" Russian society. In rural areas, private ownership of land was forbidden, and the collectivization of agriculture was put into effect. During those five years, peasants were forced onto collective farms that had more machinery in order to industrialize faster.

Give two examples of how different governments responded to economic crises after 1900.

- U.S. became more liberal- Germany, Italy, and Japan turned to the right- Russia implemented Five-Year Plans- German government printed more paper money to pay reparations- John Maynard Keynes- New Deal- Japan got out of Great Depression quickly by devaluing currency (lowering the value of money in relation to foreign currencies)- Japanese products became less expensive than imports- Oversea expansionism increased need for military goods and stimulated economy- New Economic Plan (NEP)- Stalin abandoned NEP and instituted the first Five-Year Plan- Stalin collectivized agriculture- Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)- Germany and other countries turned to fascism- Italy's Fascist government glorified militarism and brute force- Corporatism- Totalitarian state- Spanish Civil War- Spanish Republic

What were the terms of the Versailles Peace Treaty?

Germany lost its colonial power, 15 percent of its European territory, required to pay heavy reparations to the winners of the war, demilitarized forces, and was required to accept sole responsibility for starting the war.

How did these terms create political and economic tensions in the 1920s and 1930s?

These terms created immense resentment in Italy (didn't get the territories as promised) and Germany. This led to charismatic leaders (Mussolini and Hitler) taking control of those countries and establishing dictatorships there. Before that, the original and previous countries before the dictatorships were struck by a series of trade unions, peasant movements, and various communist and socialist parties that threatened the social order with a wave of strikes and land seizures. This set the stage for the rise of fascism and communism, and then later dictatorships in those countries.

What are the League of Nations mandates?

The League of Nations was created by Woodrow Wilson. This was a peacekeeping organization committed to the principle of "collective security" and intended to prevent any other wars from happening. The mandates, or the "Fourteen Points" were based on moral principles rather than secret deals and imperialist schemes.

What was Japan's vision for a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and how would this lead to tension causing WWII?

Japan's vision for a greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere was a concept in which Japan would colonize many countries in the Asia region in order to use resources in that area to help with the war effort and fighting the enemies.

Give examples of changes in territorial holdings from 1900 to the present.

Between the 2 world wars, Western and Japanese imperial states mostly

maintained control over colonial holdings; gained additional territories through

conquest / treaty settlement , and faced anti-imperial resistance.

Give examples of continuity and territorial holdings from 1900 to the present.

Between the 2 world wars, Western and Japanese imperial states mostly

maintained control over colonial holdings; gained additional territories through

conquest / treaty settlement , and faced anti-imperial resistance.

Between the two world wars, Western and Japanese imperial states predominantly maintained control over colonial holdings; in some cases, they gained additional territories through conquest or treaty settlement and in other cases faced anti-imperial resistance

Describe the causes of WWII.

There were many causes of WWII. One of the main causes of WWII was the German invasion of Poland under Hitler's orders. Another cause of WWII was from economic depression in many countries after WWI, and they wanted to rise up and show nationalism for their country. In Asia, the Japanese military seized control over Manchuria in 1931 and established a puppet state called Manchukuo there. There was condemnation but no direct response to this. Japan then left the League of Nations and joined the Axis Powers. Relations with China worsened, leading to a full-scale attack on mainland China in 1937 that started WW2.

How did imperialistic aspirations of Japan lead to WWII?

The Japanese thought that the Japanese empire was stunted by the US and Europe. Meanwhile, the Japanese military became more powerful in its political life and it gave way to nationalist sentiments. These nationalistic and imperialistic ambitions paved the way for Japan to invade China and start WW2.

How did imperialistic aspirations of fascist Nazi Germany lead to WWII?

Fascist Nazi Germany held a strong grudge against the Treaty of Versailles. So it sought revenge and therefore started WW2 through German aggression. Hitler then pursued territorial expansion. He annexed Austria, Czechoslovakia (parts of it), and later invaded Poland, which started WW2 in Europe.

Describe the aggressive militarism of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler.

Hitler used a military tactic known as blitzkrieg. He coordinated the rapid movement and onslaught of infantry, tanks, and airpower over large areas. Although successful at first, the Allies learned to repel these attacks which later turned the tide of the war towards them.

Describe Hitler's plan for Germany. What role did anti-semitism and extreme nationalism play in this vision?

Hitler's plan for Germany was espousing an extreme nationalism, advocating the use of violence as a political tool, generating a single-party dictatorship, hated parliamentary democracy and communism, and viewed war as a positive experience. Since the German economy halted during the Great Depression, the state was incompetent. So the Nazi Party increased German nationalism by conveying racial superiority and bitter hatred towards the Jews. This increased their votes and Hitler eventually became appointed as chancellor. After this, during WW2, he made this anti-Semitic vision come true through concentration camps.

What were some of the consequences of WWII? How would it set the stage for the Cold War?

Some consequences include the Holocaust, the consolidation and extension of the communist world (Chinese Communist Party and USSR), many casualties, and an increased governmental effort to mobilize the economies, people, and propaganda machines. These played a significant role in the Cold War, especially during McCarthyism and the constant threat of nuclear war since both the US and the USSR had developed nuclear arsenals.

In what ways was WWII a total war?

WWII is considered a total war( a war in which the entire nation is involved socially, economically, militarily and politically) because the war was between armies and the people. WWII was very violent and many citizens were killed in the conflicts.

Give examples of how fascist Germany under Hitler waged war during WWII. How did Germany mobilize their resources and populations?

Fascist Germany under Hitler mobilized its troops when invading Poland in September 1939 in order to prepare for war from France and Britain and to keep gaining territory in nearby countries.

Give examples of how the USSR under Stalin waged war during WWII. How did the USSR mobilize their resources and populations?

The USSR under Stalin wages war during WWII by joining war in the Pacific following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7, December 1941. The USSR mobilized their resources and populations by supporting troops on border lines with backups of ammunition and men.

How did US mobilize for war under FDR?

The US mobilized for war under FDR by various ways of propaganda and converting many large manufactures to make war materials to help and support the war effort against the Axis Powers and Japanese. The US, also invented the atomic bomb, which was used twice on Hiroshima and Nagasaki which marked the ending of the second world war.

What new military technology/tactics were used in WWII that led to increased levels of wartime casualties?

New military technology/tactics used in WWII include radar technology, atomic bomb, enigma machine and many more devices helped the axis and the allied power in war. Many of these devices were abnormally powerful and game changing which game some sides much better benefits than others.

How were government methods to wage war during WWII similar?

Government methods to wage war during WWII were similar because most federal governments involved in the war effort had control over the countries economy industrial production and they used it to their advantage to regulate economic activity to better benefit the war effort.

How did democratic governments' methods of waging war differ from methods utilized by totalitarian states?

Government methods to wage war during WWII were different because some governments had full control over their country while other countries gave control to their citizens who took responsibility to create the necessary materials to support the war effort.

What is genocide?

Genocide is defined by the intent to destroy or kill in whole or in part a national, ethnic, religious, or racial

group. The Holocaust and the killing of Jews during WWII is an example of an act of genocide.

Describe the causes of the Armenian Genocide during WWI?

The Armenian Genocide during WWI was caused by the Ottoman empire deporting millions of Armenians living in the area. They were intentionally not given food or water and were purposefully left to die in the wilderness. Some groups of Armenians were mass massacred in their homes.

Describe the consequences of the Armenian Genocide?

The consequences of the Armenian Genocide are the forced deportation of millions of Armenians and the death/massacre of groups of Armenians.

Describe the causes of the Holocaust during WWII.

According to Adolf Hitler, Jews and some other people were mass murdered for their beliefs and personality. Hitler blamed Jews for Germany losing WWI and wanted to kill them all in revenge and vengence.

Describe the consequences of the Holocaust during WWII.

The consequences of the Holocaust were millions of Jews along with many others that had opposing beliefs with Hitler were slaughtered and brutally murdered to their deaths.