Final study material

Anemia is caused by a defective gene resulting in abnormal hemoglobin:

a. Hemorrhagic anemia

b. Aplastic Anemia

c. Pernicous Anemia

d. Sickle Cell Anemia

d. Sickle Cell Anemia

Which of the following has the function of defending against parasites?

a. Erythrocyte

b. Basophil

c. Neutrophil

d. Lymphocyte

e. Eosinophil

e. Eosinophil

Blood clotting is dependent upon:

a. Vitamin A

b. Vitamin D

c. Vitamin E

d. Vitamin K

e. Vitamin C

d. Vitamin K

Which of the following is involved in blood clotting?

a. Erythrocyte

b. Basophil

c. Neutrophil

d. Thrombocyte

e. Eosinophil

d. Thrombocyte

An excessive production of erythrocytes:

a. Hemorrhagic anemia

b. Polycythemia

c. Pernicous anemia

d. Sickle cell anemia

b. Polycythemia

Anemia caused by destruction of blood forming elements in bone marrow:

a. Hemorrhagic anemia

b. Aplastic anemia

c. Pernicious anemia

d. Sickle cell anemia

b. Aplastic anemia

True or False:

Anemia is the inability of blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the tissues.

True

A diseased caused by Rh incompatibility:

a. Sickle cell anemia

b. Erythroblastosis Fetalis

c. Iron deficiency anemia

d. Leukemia

e. Leukocytosis

b. Erythroblastosis Fetalis

Blood without the clotting factors and formed elements is known as:

a. Albumin

b. Serum

c. Plasma

d. Globulin

b. Serum

In the ABO blood typing system, this is the "universal donor".

a. Type A

b. Type B

c. Type AB

d. Type O

d. Type O

Which of the following is a blood clotting protein?

a. Albumin

b. Fibrin

c. Immunoglobulin

d. Collagen

b. Fibrin

A foreign substance that can cause the body to produce an antibody:

a. Antigen

b. Immunoglobulin

c. Albumin

d. Collagen

a. Antigen

The formation or production of blood cells is known as:

a. Anemia

b. Hematopoiesis

c. Hyperglycemia

d. Hypoglycemia

b. Hematopoiesis

The three important plasma proteins are _________, __________, and _________.

Albumins, Globulins, and Fibrinogen

The two types of connective tissue that make blood cells are _________ and ________.

Myeloid and Lymphatic

The red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen is called ________.

Hemoglobin

These white blood cells are the most numerous of the phagocytes: _________.

Neutrophils

These white blood cells produce antibodies to fight microbes: _________.

B-Lymphocytes, B-cells

Thrombin converts the inactive plasma protein __________ into a fibrous gel called __________.

Fibrinogen, Fibrin

A _________ is an unneeded clot that stays in the place where it was found.

Thrombus

If part of a blood clot is dislodged and circulates through the bloodstream, it is called an _________.

Embolus

A person with type AB blood has ________ and ________ antigens on the blood cells and _______ antibodies in the plasma.

A and B antigens, no antibodies

A person with type B blood has _____ antigens on the blood cells and _____ antibodies in the plasma.

B antigens, Anti-A antibodies

A condition called __________ _________ can develop if an Rh-negative mother produces antibodies against and Rh-positive fetus.

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

_______ are thicker chambers of the heart, which are sometimes called discharging chambers.

Ventricles

The _______ are thinner chambers of the heart, which are sometimes called the receiving chambers of the heart.

Atria

The ventricles of the heart are separated into right and left sides by the ________.

Interventricular Septum

Another term for the visceral pericardium is the ________.

Epicardium

The heart valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle is called the ______ valve.

Tricuspid Atrioventricular (AV)

The term ________ refers to the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle during each beat.

Stroke Volume

The _______ is the pacemaker of the heart and causes the contraction of the atria.

Sinoatrial

The _______ are extensions of the atrioventricular fibers and cause the contraction of the ventricles.

Purkinje fibers

The ECG tracing that occurs when the ventricles depolarize is called the _________.

QRS complex

The ECG tracing that occurs when the atria depolarize is called the ________.

P Wave

The ________ are the microscopic blood vessels in which substances are exchanged between the blood and tissues.

Capillaries

The innermost layer of tissue in an artery is called the ________ ________.

Tunica Intima

The outermost layer of tissue in an artery is called the __________.

Tunica Adventitia

Systemic circulation involves moving of blood throughout the body; ______ involves moving blood from the heart to the lungs and back.

Pulmonary Circulation

The two structures in the developing fetus that allow most of the blood to bypass the lungs are the _______ and the ________.

Foramen Ovale, and Ductus Arteriosis

The strength of the heart contraction and blood volume are two factors that influence blood pressure are _______ and ______.

Blood Viscosity, and Heart Rate

Describe the following list of parts in order of where blood would flow from start to finish through the heart:

Left atrium, tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve), right ventricle, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, right atrium, pulmonary semilunar valve.

1. Right Atrium- receives blood from the great veins

2. Tricuspid Valve (right AV valve)- through to

3. Right ventricle- sends it into the

4. Pulmonary Semilunar valve- into the

5. Pulmonary vein- blood returns to the heart oxygenated into the

7. Left atrium

8. Mitral Valve (Left AV valve) through to

9. Left ventricle- mitral valve closes upon muscle contraction

10. Aortic semilunar valve- opens and allows blood to flow out into the aorta

The most muscular chamber of the heart:

a. Right Atrium

b. Right Ventricle

c. Left Atrium

d. Left Ventricle

d. Left Ventricle

The "wall" separating the two ventricles:

a. Atrioventricular septum

b. Ineratrial septum

c. Interventricular septum

d. None of the above

c. Interventricular Septum

Which of the following is NOT a part of the electrical conductance system of the heart?

a. sinoatrial node

b. bundle of His

c. Purkinje fibers

d. sentinel node

e. atrioventricular node

d. sentinal node

A major artery in the small intestine:

a. superior mesentric

b. internal carotid

c. renal

d. radial

e. brachial

a. superior mesentric

During exercise, the greatest change in blood flow occurs in:

a. the brain

b. skeletal muscle

c. the skin

d. the kidneys

e. cardiac muscle

b. skeletal muscle

The valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle:

a. tricuspid valve

b. pulmonic valve

d. mitral valve (bicuspid valve)

e. aortic valve

a. tricuspid valve

True or False:

Polycythemia may increase blood viscosity (thickness) due to an increase in red blood cells and that may put a person at risk for a stroke or myocardial infarction.

True

Function as exhange vessels for substances such as glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide:

a. arteries

b. capillaries

c. veins

b. capillaries

The pulmonary veins carry:

a. oxygenated blood

b. deoxygenated blood

a. oxygenated blood

True or False:

The brachiocephalic artery supplying the right side of the body corresponds to the aorta that supplies the left side of the body.

True

In the fetus, this structure "shunts" blood from the right atrium to the left atrium allowing most of the blood to bypass the fetal lungs:

a. aorta

b. ductus arteriosus

c. foramen ovale

d. foramen rotundum

c. foramen ovale

The celiac artery supplies the:

a. brain

b. face

c. thigh

d. armpit

e. stomach

e. stomach

Hint: think of Celiac disease, a digestive condition where the immune system attacks gluten.

Contraction of the heart:

a. diastole

b. systole

c. palpitation

e. murmur

b. systole

The largest artery in the body:

a. brachiocephalic trunk

b. pulmonary artery

c. common carotid artery

d. aorta

e. subclavian artery

d. aorta

Which of the following is NOT a valve in the heart?

a. brachiocephalic valve

b. pulmonic valve

c. mitral valve (bicuspid valve)

d. aortic valve

a. brachiocephalic valve

The valve located between the left atrium and the left ventricle:

a. tricuspid valve

b. pulmonic valve

c. mitral valve (bicuspid valve)

d. aortic valve

c. mitral valve (bicuspid valve)

True or False:

Angina pectoris is another name for myocardial infarction.

False

Angina pectoris, or stable angina, is generally chest pains and typically occurs in patients with prior existing heart disease. It occurs when the heart muscle is not getting as much blood as it needs.

The immunity that develops after a person has had a disease is an example of:

a. active natural immunity

b. passive natural immunity

c. active artificial immunity

d. passive artificial immunity

a. active natural immunity

The immunity that comes from the injection of antibodies made by another individual's immune system is an example of:

a. active natural immunity

b. passive natural immunity

c. active artificial immunity

d. passive artificial immunity

d. passive artificial immunity

The main cells involved in cell-mediated immunity are called _________.

T-cells, or T Lymphocytes

The main cells involved in humoral immunity are the _______ cells.

B-cells, or B Lymphocytes

__________ cells develop in the Thymus gland.

T-cells, or T Lymphocytes

Some of the _________ cells can develop into memory cells.

B- cells, or B Lymphocytes

Lymph from about three-fourths of the body drains into the ___________.

Thoracic Duct

Lymph from the right upper extremity and the right side of the head drains into the _________ ________ ________.

Right lymphatic duct

The enlarged, pouch-like structure is in the abdomen that serves as a storage area for lymph is called the ___________.

Cisterna chili

The many lymph vessels that enter the lymph node are called the ______ vessels. The single vessel leaving the lymph node is called the ______ vessel.

afferent vessels, efferent vessel

The thymus gland is the site of maturation for these WBCs: ___________. It also produces the hormone _________.

T Lymphocytes (T-cells), Thymosin

The three pairs of tonsils are the _______ tonsils, the _______ tonsils, an the ________ tonsils.

Pharyngeal (adenoid), Palatine, Lingual

___________ kills invading cells by drilling holes in their plasma membrane, which disrupts the sodium and water balance.

Compliment fixation

Macrophages were originally ________ that migrated into the tissues.

Monocytes

________ cells produce antibodies.

B-cells

Lymphatic vessels in the walls of the small intestine:

a. veins

b. lacteals

c. thoracic duct

d. both a and b

e. none of the above

b. lacteals

Injection of a vaccine (such as polio vaccine):

a. natural active immunity

b. natural passive immunity

c. artificial active immunity

d. artificial passive immunity

c. artificial active immunity

Which of the following is NOT a primary cell of the immune system?

a. neutrophil

b. erythrocyte

c. monocyte

d. T- Lymphocyte

e. macrophage

b. erythrocyte

The spleen is:

a. highly vascularized

b. poorly vascularized

a. highly vascularized

Phagocytosis of bacteria is a form of:

a. specific immunity

b. non specific immunity

b. non specific immunity

Involution is a process by which and organ is replaced with connective tissue and fat. This is typical of the:

a. spleen

b. thymus

c. thyroid

d. tonsils

e. stomach

b. thymus

Lymph flow in the body:

a. moves only toward the heart

b. moves only away from the heart

c. moves both toward and away from the heart.

a. moves only toward the heart

Protection received by an infant from the mother's breast milk:

a. natural active immunity

b. natural passive immunity

c. artificial active immunity

d. artificial passive immunity

b. natural passive immunity

A life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system:

a. hives

b. anaphylactic shock

c. tonsillitis

d. appendicitis

e. allergy

b. anaphylactic shock

The lining of lymphatic vessels allows for movement of materials into and out of the vessels. The epithelium is:

a. columnar

b. stratified squamous

c. cuboidal

d. simple squamous

e. transitional

d. simple squamous

All of the following are true of antibodies EXCEPT:

a. are proteins produced by plasma cells

b. are also called imunoglobulins

c. are involved in humoral immunity

d. are produced in the pituitary gland.

d. are produced in the pituitary gland

Inflammation is an example of:

a. innate immunity

b. specific immunity

a. innate immunity

Which one of the following is NOT a function of lymph nodes?

a. defense

b. white blood cell production

c. erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation)

d. filtration of lymph

c. erythropoiesis (red blood cell production)

RBC formation takes place in bone marrow.

This organ is located in the mediastinum (a space between the lungs), is involved in the maturation of T-lymphocytes and atrophies or gets smaller as we age.

a. spleen

b. thyroid

c. pituitary

d. thymus

e. tonsils

d. thymus

The skin and mucosa serve a role in:

a. specific immunity

b. nonspecific immunity

b. nonspecific immunity

When an individual is exposed to a microorganism (for example, the mumps virus) and then develops resistance to future exposures. This is:

a. natural active immunity

b. natural passive immunity

c. artificial active immunity

d. artificial passive immunity

a. natural active immunity

The upper respiratory tract consist of the _________, the __________ and the ___________.

pharynx, larynx, and nose

The lower respiratory tract consists of the __________, the _________, and the __________.

trachea, lungs, and bronchial tree

The frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal cavities make up the ______.

sinuses

The ________ protrude into the nasal cavities and function to warm and humidify the air.

conchal

The four progressively smaller air tubes that connect the trachea and the alveolar sacs are the __________, ____________, ___________, and the ____________.

primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, and the alveolar ductus

A ___________ is a substance made by the lungs to help reduce the surface tension of water in the alveoli.

surfactant

The exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues is called ________ ________.

internal respiration

The exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the lungs is called ________ _______.

external respiration

_________ ________ are the receptors that inhibit the inspiratory center that keeps the lungs from over-expanding.

Stretch receptors

___________ are the receptors that modify respiratory rates by responding to the amount of carbon dioxide, oxygen, or acid levels in the blood.

Chemoreceptors

The volume included in total lung capacity but not vital capacity is _________ volume.

residual