APUSH Chapter 5/6/7

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Land Ordinances of 1784 and 1785

1784, written by Thomas Jefferson, called to divide western land into districts and governed by Congress. 1785 clarified how the land north of the Ohio River would be sold and the settlement of the land

Old Northwest

Land gained by the government northwest of the Ohio River

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory, established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

Empire of Liberty

The idea by Jefferson that the US would not rule its new territories as colonies, but rather would eventually admit them as full member states

Shay's Rebellion

A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States

Virginia Plan

Proposal to create a strong national government with three branches (legislative, executive, judicial)

New Jersey Plan

Proposed a one-house (unicameral) legislature with equal votes for each state

Great Compromise

Proposed a bicameral legislature with lower/higher houses

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Three-Fifths Clause

Slave counted as 3/5 of a person for population/voting in congress

The Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the ratification of the Constitution

Anti-Federalists

People who opposed the Constitution and wanted a Bill of Rights

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Civic Nationalism

A sense of national unity and purpose based on a set of commonly held political beliefs

Ethnic Nationalism

Nationalism based on common ancestry along with the cultural traditions and language associated with a particular ethnic group

Miami Confederation

An alliance of Indian tribes in the Ohio Valley that waged open warfare, under the leadership of Little Turtle, on American forces in the 1790s

Little Turtle

Chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance that raided U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. He was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. Later, he became an advocate for peace

Battle of Fallen Timbers

1794 battle in which Wayne's federal troops defeated the Miami Confederacy of Native Americans

Treaty of Greenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers

Annuity System

System of yearly payments to Native American tribes by which the federal government justified and institutionalized its interference in Indian tribal affairs

Letters from an American Farmer

Written by Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, this French work illustrated the process of exclusion of non-white citizens in the American community

Naturalization Act of 1790

Restricted citizenship to "any alien, being a free white person" who had been in the U.S. for two years. In effect, it left out indentured servants, immigrants, slaves, and most women

Open Immigration

The nineteenth century policy of immigration in which almost all white persons were eligible to claim American citizenship, unless they were unwilling to renounce hereditary titles of nobility

American Colonization

Organization founded in 1817 that advocated sending freed slaves to a colony in Africa; it established the colony of Liberia in 1827 and encouraged free African Americans to emigrate there as well

Republic

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

Balanced Governments

Structure would reflect the division of society between the wealthy and ordinary men

Suffrage

The right to vote

Wall of Separation

Court ruling that government cannot be involved with religion

Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom

A bill authored by Thomas Jefferson establishing religious freedom in Virginia

Free Labor

Wage-paying rather than slave labor

Inflation

A general increase in prices and fall in the value of money

Free Trade

International trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions

The Wealth of Nations

Book written by Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

John Sullivan

An American general in the Revolution who led the Sullivan Expedition

Joseph Brant

Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution

Abolition

The movement to make slavery and the slave trade illegal. Begun by Quakers in England in the 1780s

Freedom Petitions

Arguments for liberty presented to New England's courts and legislatures in the early 1770s by enslaved African-Americans

Lemuel Haynes

A black member of the Massachusetts militia that urged Americans ''extend'' their freedom to include blacks

Phillis Wheatley

American poet, she was the first recognized Black writer in America

Deborah Sampson

Patriot who disguised herself as a man and served in the Continental Army

Ladies Association of Philadelphia

An organization that raised funds to assist American soldiers, showing how the Revolution propelled women into new forms of political activism

Mercy Otis Warren

Female patriot who wrote poems to convince others to join the patriot cause

Coverture

A common-law doctrine under which the legal personality of the husband covered the wife and he made all legally binding decisions

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

King George III

King of England during the Revolutionary War

Virtual Representation

Theory that claimed that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects, even Americans

Writs of Assistance

Legal document that allowed customs to search anywhere for smuggled goods

Sugar Act

Law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies

Stamp Act

Law passed that gave parliament money by putting direct taxes on papers

"No Taxation Without Representation"

Reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament (James Otis)

Patrick Henry

Got Virginia to gain military troops for revolution, "Give me liberty or give me death"

Stamp Act Congress

Meeting in 1765 of delegates from 9 colonies to discuss rights of taxation for the colonists

Committees of Correspondence

Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies to promote buying goods from within the colonies

Sons of Liberty

Secret society formed to oppose British policies

Declatory Act

March 1766- Repealed Stamp Act, gave parliament authority to tax the colonies

Regulators

Vigilante groups in the 1760s-70s in the western parts of North and South Carolina that violently protested taxes

Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys

Group in Vermont that led a surprise attack on Fort Ticonderoga and Patriots gained valuable supplies

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea in order to raise revenue in the colonies

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

Written in response to the Townshend Acts by John Dickinson

Daughters of Liberty

This organization supported the boycott of British goods by urging Americans to use/make homemade goods

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Crispus Attucks

A free black man who was the first martyr killed in the Boston Massacre

Paul Revere

Alerted the colonists that the British were coming to Lexington and Concord

Tea Act

1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England, allowing the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor

The Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

Response to Boston Tea Party in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

Quebec Act

Law that set up a government for Canada and protected the rights of French Catholics

Suffolk Resolves

Declared that the colonies need not obey the 1773 Coercive Acts, since they infringed upon basic liberties

First Continental Congress

September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts

Continental Association

Created by the First Continental Congress, it enforced the non-importation of British goods in each colony to fine or arrest violators. It was meant to pressure Britain to repeal the Coercive Acts

Lexington and Concord

Marked the beginning of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775)

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own. The Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition

Second Continental Congress

They organized the continental Army, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Lord Dunmore's Proclamation

An offer by the British governor and military commander in Virginia for freedom to any slave who escaped to his lines and bore arms for the king

Olive Branch Petition

Last resort of the Second Continental Congress to make peace with England, rejected by King George III after the Battle of Bunker Hill

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer who supported the fight for independence and supported the French Revolution

Common Sense

A pamphlet that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state

American Exceptionalism

The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage

John Hancock

Patriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress; first person to sign the Declaration of Independence

Hessians

German soldiers hired by George III to fight colonial rebellion

The American Crisis

An essay by Thomas Paine read by George Washington to his troops shortly before crossing the Delaware River

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutrition

Treaty of Amity and Commerce

France recognized the U.S. as independent and offered trade

Lord Charles Cornwallis

British general in the Revolutionary war, was defeated at Yorktown on October 19, 1781

Benedict Arnold

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point

Francis Marion

Nicknamed the Swamp Fox for his swift hit-and-run raids against British forces in the Carolinas

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781

Treaty of Paris (1783)

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of America. It granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River