Overview - Human Body

better than ethans knowt

What are the important function of the human body?

1. Support

2. Collection and evaluation of info,

3. transportation of oxygen and nutrients,

4. protection of internal organs

5. obtaining nutrients from food

6. maintenance of constant body temps

What helps with support?

endoskeleton

What helps with collection and evaluation of information?

nervous system

What type of system is the transportation of oxygen and nutrients? (i couldnt figure out how to word this question)

in a closed system

Whats a closed system?

In the context of the human body, a closed system refers to a system where matter doesn't enter or leave, but energy can be exchanged with the surroundings.

What helps with the protection of internal organs?

coelem

What is coelem?

fluid filled cavity that protects internal organs and allows muscles to contract w out harming internal organs

What does the body need to obtain?

nutrients from food

What does the body need to maintain

constant body temp

Organization of Body

cell —> tissue —> organ —> organ system

What are cells specialized for?

for a particular function

Totipotent

Totipotent refers to cells that have the potential to develop into a complete organism on their own.

Pluripotent

Pluripotent cells are stem cells that can turn into many different types of cells in the body, but not all types. able to produce many cell types

Multipotent stem cells

Multipotent stem cells are stem cells that can differentiate into a limited range of cell types within a specific tissue or organ.

Blastocyst

A blastocyst is an early stage of embryo development in mammals, including humans. It is a hollow sphere-like structure composed of a layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity. The blastocyst forms about 5-7 days after fertilization and is crucial for implantation into the uterus.

Inner cell mass (ICM)

This cluster of cells within the blastocyst will develop into the embryo itself, including all the different cell types of the body. (developing fetus)

T- becomes placenta, C- is the cavity

Stem cells differentiate into ______

specialized cells

cultured stem cell —> 3 different culture conditions —→ 3 different types of differentiated cells

Ex of differentiated cells: liver cells, nerve cells, heart muscle cells

When researchers mention a regression of multipotent stem cells to pluripotent stem cells, they are typically describing a process where the stem cells, which were previously committed to developing into a limited range of cell types (multipotent), regain the ability to differentiate into a broader range of cell types (pluripotent).

“basically how to grow stem cells which are pluripotent from multipotent cells.. either through cloning where an unfertilized egg is used or they add genes to skin cell this allows for stem cells w out an embryo, precise genetic control, and makes embryonic cell work more unnecessary” - DANNYS WORDS

How many types of tissues are in the human body?

4

what are the types of tissues are in the human body?

1. Muscle tissue

2. nervous tissue

3. Epithelial tissue

4. connective tissue

epithelial tissue

epithelial tissue

What does the epithelial tissue protect the body from?

protects from dehydration and physical damage

What does the epithelial tissue control?

controls what enters and leaves cells

Where are the glands and tissues on the epithelial tissue?

it is on the interior or exterior body surfaces

epithelial tissue has layers under it. how think can a layer be?

layer can be one or a few cells thick

epithelial tissue is very regenerative.

How many types of layers are there?

3 types attached to a basement membrane

what are the three types of layers?

1. simple

2. Stratified

3. Glandular

1. Simple - single layer

2. Stratified - multiple layers

3. Glandular - secrete a product

"Glandular" refers to anything related to glands, including their structure, function, or the substances they produce and secrete. It can describe processes, tissues, or organs involved in the production and release of hormones, enzymes, or other essential substances in the body. These substances are then either secreted into the bloodstream or released into a cavity or onto a surface in the body to perform specific functions.

epithelial tissue is also classified by shape

1. Squamous - flat

2. cuboidal - square

3. columnar - column

Connective tissue

A) What defends the body?

white blood cells

Types of white blood cells:

1. macrophages

2. lymphocytes

1. Macrophages - engulf and digest microbes

A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells

2. Lymphocytes - make antibodies, attack virus-infected cells and cancer cells

type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the body's immune system. They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the lymphoid organs, such as the thymus and lymph nodes. Lymphocytes are responsible for recognizing and attacking foreign invaders like viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens, as well as for regulating immune responses to prevent autoimmune reactions.

B) What does the connective tissues do?

supports the body and connects parts

What is used to support body and connect parts?

cartilage and bone

C) the connective tissue accumulates and transports materials

Adipocytes - fat cells

Adipocytes are cells specialized in storing energy as fat. adipocytes can expand or shrink in response to changes in energy balance, such as calorie intake. They also produce hormones and signaling molecules that regulate metabolism

Leucocytes - white blood cells

also known as white blood cells, are a vital part of the body's immune system. They circulate in the blood and lymphatic system, defending the body against infections and foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. Leucocytes can be further categorized into several types, including lymphocytes,

Erythrocyte - red blood cells

known as red blood cells, are specialized cells responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and transporting carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation. They contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen and gives blood its red color. Erythrocytes lack a nucleus and other organelles, maximizing space for hemoglobin and enhancing their oxygen-carrying capacity.

3. Nervous tissue

What does the nervous tissue do?

conducts signals rapidly

what does nervous tissue include?

neurons (nerve cells)

4. Muscle tissue

type of tissue that is responsible for movement in the body. Muscle tissue is made up of cells called muscle fibers, which contract when stimulate

What does the muscle tissue permit?

permits movement

How many types of muscles are there?

3

What kinds of muscles are there?

1. smooth

2. cardiac

3. skeletal

Skeletal muscle

attached to bones and allows for voluntary movement

Smooth muscle

found in the walls of organs and blood vessels, controlling involuntary movements such as digestion and blood vessel dilation

Cardiac muscle

which forms the heart and is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body

How many organ systems does the body have?

11 organ systems

What is the importance of homeostasis?

it provides stable environment so chemical reactions can occur

Feedback of information maintains homeostasis

What is the Hypothalmus in brain important for?

important in regulation

What are the two types of feedback loops?

negative feedback and positive feedback

A negative feedback loop is a regulatory mechanism in biological systems that works to maintain homeostasis, by counteracting changes from an ideal set point. In this process, when a change occurs that moves a system away from its set point, the feedback loop activates mechanisms to oppose or reverse that change, bringing the system back towards the set point. Once the system returns to its ideal state, the feedback loop reduces its activity. This self-regulating mechanism helps to maintain stability and balance

Negative feedback - prevents deviation from set point; not normal back to normal

ex: maintaining body temp, blood pressure

Positive feedback is a regulatory mechanism in biological systems where a change in a certain direction leads to an amplification or reinforcement of that change, rather than opposing it like in negative feedback. In positive feedback loops, the initial stimulus triggers a response that further increases the stimulus, leading to a continuous process of amplification until a specific endpoint is reached. This mechanism is often associated with processes that need rapid and decisive responses, such as blood clotting, childbirth, and some aspects of the nervous system.

Positive feedback - increases distance from initial value

ex: blood clotting, uterine contractions in childbirth, and breakdown of glycogen

glycogen

Glycogen is a form of stored energy made of many glucose molecules linked together.

Body signal systems

1. electrical

2. chemical

Electrical - neurons, fast communication

An electrical body signal refers to any form of electrical activity generated within the body, often associated with the nervous system or muscle activity.

Chemical- hormones and other chemicals, slower but longer lasting response

A chemical body signal refers to any form of communication within the body that involves the release and reception of chemical substances. For instance, hormones released by glands travel through the bloodstream to target tissues, where they exert specific effects on cellular activity and metabolism.

Organs and organ systems are made of a combination of how many types of tissue?

4 types

Functions of the organ systems:

1. cover, support or produce movement

integumentary, muscular, skeletal

2. regulate body functions

endocrine, nervous , reproductive

3. transport or protect

circulatory, immune

4. involved in metabolism or excretion

respiratory, digestive, urinary (excretory)