Gross 2 Exam 2 likely questions

what are the functions of the larynx?

1) prevents passage of food into airway during swallowing

2) regulates flow of air into lungs

3) functions in vocalization

T/F: the epiglottic cartilage is attached to the back of the thyroid cartilage?

true

the lower end of the epiglottic cartilage is attached to the back of the laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage by the _________ ____________

thyroepiglottic ligament

what part of the larynx is important for changing the pitch of ones voice?

cricothyroid joint

the vocal ligament forms the free edge of this membrane

conus elasticus

what does the superior margin of the epitglottic cartilage form?

forms the aryepiglottic ligament within the aryepiglottic fold

what does the inferior margin of the epitglottic cartilage form?

forms the vestibular ligament within the vocal fold

what are the 2 pairs of folds within the larynx?

1) vestibular folds (false vocal cords)

- initiate cough reflex

2) vocal folds (true vocal cords)

- vibrate to produce sound

what is the narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity?

rima glottidis

what is a small diverticulum within the laryngeal ventricle, often called the "oil can" of vocal cords

laryngeal saccule

what are the elevators of the larynx?

1) thyrohyoid

2) stylohyoid

3) mylohyoid

4) digastric

5) stylopharyngeus

6) palatopharyngeus

what are the depressors of the larynx?

1) omohyoid

2) sternohyoid

3) sternothyroid

recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except what? what is its function? innervation?

cricothyroid

fxn: raises pitch of voice

innervation: external laryngeal nerve

which muscle raises the pitch of ones voice?

cricothyroid

what is the muscle of whispering?

lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

what muscles of the larynx function in coughing?

1) transverse arytenoid muscle

2) oblique arytenoid muscle

fxn: adduct vocal cords

what muscle lowers the pitch of ones voice?

thyroarytenoid muscle

which muscles closes the laryngeal inlet?

aryepiglottic muscle

which muscle opens the laryngeal inlet?

thyroepiglottic muscle

which muscle adjusts tension on the vocal cords during phonation (aka "fine tuning")

vocalis muscle

how does the voice dimorphism differ for boys vs girls

1) length of vocal cords (longer in males)

2) size of resonating chamber

3) thickness of vocal cords (thicker in males --> response to androgens)

- voice cracks occur due to vibrations that hit part that has not thickened yet

the rima glottidis is ____ during inspiration, and ______ during expiration and phonation

wide; narrow

the recurrent laryngeal nerve is motor to all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except what?

cricothyroid

________ laryngeal nerve is MIXED innervation

recurrent

________ laryngeal nerve is SENSORY innervation

internal

________ laryngeal nerve is MOTOR innervation

external

______ lymph vessels drain lymph TO a node

afferent

_______ lymph vessels drain FROM a lymph node

efferent

lymph is moved by ______ muscle contraction

skeletal

which nodes of the neck are located on the external surface of the SCM muscle, and follows the EJV

superficial cervical nodes

which nodes of the neck are located within the carotid sheath and follow the IJV

deep cervical nodes

which of the two deep cervical nodes is found near the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

jugulodigastric node

which of the two deep cervical nodes is found near the intermediate tendon of the omohyoid muscle?

jugulo-omoyhoid node

T/F: ALL lymphatics of the head and neck drain either directly or indirectly to the deep cervical nodes

true

_____ nodes drain the central portions of the lower lip, floor of mouth, and tip of tongue

submental (think central)

_______ nodes drain the cheek, side of the nose, upper lip, lateral part of lower lip, gums, and margin of tongue

submandibular (think lateral)

what is an enlarged supracalvicular node, usually on the left side? what is it often the first indication of?

Signal Node; often first indication of a visceral tumor

what is a more aggressive type of lymphoma, that often has a poorer prognosis?

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

a tender/painful lymph node indicates what?

infection

1 multiple choice option

a hard/painless lymph node indicates what?

cyst development or cancer

1 multiple choice option

what/where is a frequent site for breast cancer?

axillary process --> portion of breast that extends back into armpit

what nodes drain 75% of the breast?

axillary nodes

what percent of the lymph from the breast drains into the axillary nodes?

75%

T/F: the sternum is a poor site for RBC production

false, it is a major site

what might a barrel chest suggest?

COPD (emphysema)

what are the true ribs

1-7

what are the false ribs

8-12

ribs 8-10 articulate with the sternum _______

indirectly by attaching to the costal cartilage of the rib above

what are ribs 11 and 12 classified as

floating ribs

what are the typical ribs

3-9

What are the atypical ribs

1, 2, 10, 11, 12

what is the function of the external intercostal muscle?

elevates ribs during INSPIRATION

(think "E goes w/ I")

what direction does the external intercostal muscles run

downward and forward

what are the functions of the internal and innermost intercostal muscles

depresses ribs in forced EXPIRATION

(think "I goes w/ E")

what direction does the internal and innermost intercostal muscles run

downward and backward

the anterior primary rami of the first 11 thoracic spinal nerves are innervated by what

intercostal nerves

the anterior primary rami of the 12th thoracis spinal nerve is innervated by what

subcostal nerve

T/F: all intercostal muscles function to prevent the pushing in or drawing out of the intercostal spaces during respiration

true

T/F: the jugulodigastric node is a deep cervical node

true

_______ _______ is an expansion of the lactiferous duct, which serves as a reservoir for milk during lactation

lactiferous sinus

what does cancer invade if there is an inversion of the nipple?

lactiferous duct

the sternal angle is found at the level of IVD between which vertebrae?

T4-T5

the superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet) is bounded by what?

- manubrium

- first rib

- first thoracic vertebrae

the inferior thoracic aperture (thoracic outlet) is bounded by what?

- xiphoid process

- costal margin

- 12th rib

- distal end of 11th rib

- 12th thoracic vertebrae

T/F: external intercostal muscle is the 2nd most important for inspiration

true

fibers of the external intercostal muscles run what direction?

downward and forward

what does the left subcostal vein drain into?

hemiazygous

what is directly against parietal pleura?

endothoracic fascia

what is the function of endothoracic fascia?

prevent innermost intercostal muscle from rubbing against the parietal pleura

what is the thickening of the fascia over the apex of the lung called?

suprapleural membrane

the intercostal V.A.N. are sandwiched between what two muscles?

internal and innermost intercostal muscles

what lines the inner surface of the thorax?

parietal pleura

what intimately lines the lungs?

visceral pleura

what is the space where the costal and diaphragmatic pleura meet?

costodiaphragmatic recess

located at midaxillary line

what is the space formed where the costal and mediastinal pleurae meet?

costomediastinal recess

fluid that accumulates in the costodiaphragmatic recess can be removed by _________ done at intercostal space ____, during expiration?

thoracentesis; intercostal space 9

_____ pleura is highly sensitive to pain

parietal pleura

_____ pleura has no sensory innervation, so it is insensitive to pain

visceral

what is simple pneumothorax?

hole in parietal pleura

what is a hole in visceral pleura with a flap over it called?

tension pneumothorax

- air enters pleural cavity, but flap prevents it from exiting during expiration

what is another name for lung collapse?

atelectasis

you detect a friction rub and ask the patient to hold their breath and it stops. This tells us that it is a ______ _______ _____

pleural friction rub

what condition produces sound known as pleural friction rub, heard upon auscultation

pleuritis

what is the order of mediastinum from anterior to posterior?

thymus, main bronchi, esophagus

the posterior gap of the trachea is spanned by what muscle?

trachealis muscle

what is a prominent ridge located within the trachea at its bifurcation, which separates the openings of the right and left main bronchi?

carina

where is the trachea located anatomically?

- anterior to esophagus

-posterior to arch of aorta

the right main bronchus is shorter/longer, wider/narrower, and more vertical/horizontal than the left main bronchus?

- shorter

- wider

- vertical

the left main bronchus is shorter/longer, wider/narrower, and more vertical/horizontal than the right main bronchus?

- longer

- narrower

- horizontal

T/F: aspirated objects are most likely to end up in the left main bronchus

false, end up in right main bronchus

the right main bronchus has how many lobar bronchi? those divide into how many segments?

3 lobar bronchi; 10 segmental bronchi

the left main bronchus has how many lobar bronchi? those divide into how many segments?

2 lobar bronchi; 10 segmental bronchi

what represents the lowest point in the tracheobrachial tree where the cough reflex is?

carina

the hilum of the lung on the _____ surface of the lung. what pass through it?

mediastinal; vessels, nerves, and bronchi pass

the ____ of the lung is formed by the structures that pass through the hilum. what does it connect?

root; connects the lung to the heart and trachea

each lung has how many bronchopulmonary segments?

10

what are features of the right lung?

- groove for azygous vein

- groove for esophagus

- cardiac impression

- groove for superior vena cava

- groove for right brachiocephalic vein

what are features of the left lung?

- lingula

- cardiac notch

- cardiac impression

- groove for the aorta

- groove for left subclavian artery

what is a feature of the left lung? (old TQ)

lingula

what are the functional units of the lung?

bronchopulmonary segments