ap bio exam review

Traits are passed from parents to offspring through __.

genes

A zygote is a

Diploid cell that results from the fusion of two haploid gametes; the zygote will further divide through mitosis to form the organism

If an organism is 2n= 24 what is their haploid number?

12

What is a display of chromosome pairs ordered by size and length

Karyotype

Sex cells are also called?

Gametic cells

These chromosomes do NOT determine sex:

Autosomes

Meiosis results in:

daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

How many cells does meiosis start with

2

How many cells does meiosis end with?

4n

In Asexual Reproduction, these are the only source of genetic variation:

Mutations

Which stage is a “key event” in meiosis?

Prophase I, Metaphase I, and Anaphase I (all of the above)

Crossing over occurs at the __.

Chiasmata

WHich term describes homologous chromosomes that pair up and physically connect to each other forming a tetrad?

Synapsis

How does meiosis lead to genetic variation?

Random fertilization, crossing over, and Independent assortment of chromosomes (all of the above)

Meiosis results in

Gametes

Crossing over occurs in which stage of meiosis?

Prophase I

Meiosis results in:

4 daughter cells

Organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination are ___?

True breeding

The true-breeding parental generation is the ____?

P generation

The first filial hybrid offspring of P generation is the ___?

FI Generation

The second filial offspring of the F, generation is the ____?

F2 Generation

These are diagrams used to predict the allele combinations of offspring from a cross with known genetic compositions?

Punnett Squares

An organism’s appearance, which is the physical manifestation of the genetic code is the?

Phenotype

The genetic makeup (alleles) of an organism is the ___?

Genotype

An organism has two different alleles for a gene is?

Heterozygous

An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character is?

Homozygous

What can be used to can be used to determine whether a dominant trait is homozygousss or heterozygous?

A Test Cross

What were Medel’s fundamental principles of heredity?

The Law of Independent Assortment and The Law of Segregation (A and B)

What type of cross would give a 3:1 ratio?

Monohybrid Cross

What type of cross would give a 9:3:3:1 ratio?

Dihybrid Cross

Which option below best represents a monohybrid cross?

A monohybrid cross involves two parents that are each heterozygous for a single trait.

Which of the following statements best represents the law of independent assortment?

Genes for specific traits are not inherited with genes for other traits.

Family trees that give a visual of inheritance patterns of particular triats are?

Pedigrees

An example of codominance is

Human Blood Group (blood type)

If a red flower is crossed with a white flower, and the resulting offspring are pink, what is the easiest way to explain these results?

Incomplete dominance

If a red flower is crossed with a white flower, and the resulting offspring are both red and white, what is the easiest way to explain these results?

Codominacne

A spefcies of fish can either have silver scales (s) or grey scales(s). If two fish both heterozygous for the trait are crossed and produce 36 offspring, how many offspring would be espected to have silver scales?

12

Direct signaling in animals use ______ to send signaling substances

Gap Junctions

The kind of signaling involves secretory cells releasing local regulators (i.e growth factors) via exocytosus to an adjacent cell.

paracrine

This kind of signaling is known as Long-Distance signaling and uses hormones

endocrine

the state of relatively stable internal conditions is known as

homeostasis

A type of feedback that reduces the effect of the stimulus is known as

Negative Feedback

insulin regulates

blood sugar

Cell Death is also known as

apoptosis

This enzyme is responsible for phosphorylation

kinase

this enzyme is responsible for dephosphorylation

phosphatase

which are involved in the signal transduction pathway

reception, response, transduction (all of the above)

this is the most common second messenger

cAMP

Chemical Messages are also called

Ligands

Ligands are specific to their receptors

True

A change in shape causes a change in ___.

Function

this is the most densely packed version of genetic material

chromosomes

What are the 5 stages of mitosis in order

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Mitotic spindle attaches to

Kinetochores

Somatic cells are

diploid

cells spend most of their time in this phase:

G1- the first gap phase

how many chromsomes do humans have?

46

the phase where the chromosome line up inthe middle

metaphase

the phase where DNA is replicated is

the “S” phase

the phase wehre cytoplasm is divided is

cytokinesis

the phase ehre the sister chromatids separte and move to the opposite end of the cells is

anaphase

if a cell does not pass a checkpoint in mitosis it may __.

undergo apoptosis and stop mitosis and try to repair the problem. (all of the above)

the uncontrolable growth of cells can lead to a ___?

cancerous tumor

tumors that contain cancerous cells that lose their anchorage dependency and may leave the call are called?

malignant