Studied by 4 peopleTraits are passed from parents to offspring through __.
genes
A zygote is a
Diploid cell that results from the fusion of two haploid gametes; the zygote will further divide through mitosis to form the organism
If an organism is 2n= 24 what is their haploid number?
12
What is a display of chromosome pairs ordered by size and length
Karyotype
Sex cells are also called?
Gametic cells
These chromosomes do NOT determine sex:
Autosomes
Meiosis results in:
daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
How many cells does meiosis start with
2
How many cells does meiosis end with?
4n
In Asexual Reproduction, these are the only source of genetic variation:
Mutations
Which stage is a “key event” in meiosis?
Prophase I, Metaphase I, and Anaphase I (all of the above)
Crossing over occurs at the __.
Chiasmata
WHich term describes homologous chromosomes that pair up and physically connect to each other forming a tetrad?
Synapsis
How does meiosis lead to genetic variation?
Random fertilization, crossing over, and Independent assortment of chromosomes (all of the above)
Meiosis results in
Gametes
Crossing over occurs in which stage of meiosis?
Prophase I
Meiosis results in:
4 daughter cells
Organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination are ___?
True breeding
The true-breeding parental generation is the ____?
P generation
The first filial hybrid offspring of P generation is the ___?
FI Generation
The second filial offspring of the F, generation is the ____?
F2 Generation
These are diagrams used to predict the allele combinations of offspring from a cross with known genetic compositions?
Punnett Squares
An organism’s appearance, which is the physical manifestation of the genetic code is the?
Phenotype
The genetic makeup (alleles) of an organism is the ___?
Genotype
An organism has two different alleles for a gene is?
Heterozygous
An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character is?
Homozygous
What can be used to can be used to determine whether a dominant trait is homozygousss or heterozygous?
A Test Cross
What were Medel’s fundamental principles of heredity?
The Law of Independent Assortment and The Law of Segregation (A and B)
What type of cross would give a 3:1 ratio?
Monohybrid Cross
What type of cross would give a 9:3:3:1 ratio?
Dihybrid Cross
Which option below best represents a monohybrid cross?
A monohybrid cross involves two parents that are each heterozygous for a single trait.
Which of the following statements best represents the law of independent assortment?
Genes for specific traits are not inherited with genes for other traits.
Family trees that give a visual of inheritance patterns of particular triats are?
Pedigrees
An example of codominance is
Human Blood Group (blood type)
If a red flower is crossed with a white flower, and the resulting offspring are pink, what is the easiest way to explain these results?
Incomplete dominance
If a red flower is crossed with a white flower, and the resulting offspring are both red and white, what is the easiest way to explain these results?
Codominacne
A spefcies of fish can either have silver scales (s) or grey scales(s). If two fish both heterozygous for the trait are crossed and produce 36 offspring, how many offspring would be espected to have silver scales?
12
Direct signaling in animals use ______ to send signaling substances
Gap Junctions
The kind of signaling involves secretory cells releasing local regulators (i.e growth factors) via exocytosus to an adjacent cell.
paracrine
This kind of signaling is known as Long-Distance signaling and uses hormones
endocrine
the state of relatively stable internal conditions is known as
homeostasis
A type of feedback that reduces the effect of the stimulus is known as
Negative Feedback
insulin regulates
blood sugar
Cell Death is also known as
apoptosis
This enzyme is responsible for phosphorylation
kinase
this enzyme is responsible for dephosphorylation
phosphatase
which are involved in the signal transduction pathway
reception, response, transduction (all of the above)
this is the most common second messenger
cAMP
Chemical Messages are also called
Ligands
Ligands are specific to their receptors
True
A change in shape causes a change in ___.
Function
this is the most densely packed version of genetic material
chromosomes
What are the 5 stages of mitosis in order
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Mitotic spindle attaches to
Kinetochores
Somatic cells are
diploid
cells spend most of their time in this phase:
G1- the first gap phase
how many chromsomes do humans have?
46
the phase where the chromosome line up inthe middle
metaphase
the phase where DNA is replicated is
the “S” phase
the phase wehre cytoplasm is divided is
cytokinesis
the phase ehre the sister chromatids separte and move to the opposite end of the cells is
anaphase
if a cell does not pass a checkpoint in mitosis it may __.
undergo apoptosis and stop mitosis and try to repair the problem. (all of the above)
the uncontrolable growth of cells can lead to a ___?
cancerous tumor
tumors that contain cancerous cells that lose their anchorage dependency and may leave the call are called?
malignant
Note
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