tap 6.11-6.12

Henry George

San Francisco journalist who published a provocative book in 1879 that became an instant best seller and jolted readers to look more critically at the effects of laissez-faire economics; called attention to alarming inequalities in wealth caused by industrialization period wrote progress and poverty which proposed an innovative solution to poverty: replacing all taxes with a single tax on land; categorized as a socialist

Edward Bellamy

Wrote social criticism booked in 1888 called looking backward 2000-1887. It envisioned life in 2000 when society eliminated poverty, greed, and crime; categorized as a socialist

Cardinal James Gibbons

Catholic leader in Baltimore who inspired the devoted support of old and new immigrants by defending the knights of labor and the cause of organized labor

Dwight moody

Protestant who founded the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago in 1889; help generations of urban evangelist to adopt traditional Christianity to city life

Salvation Army

Imported from England in 1879; provided basic necessities to the homeless and the poor while preaching the Christian gospel

Social gospel

The importance of applying Christian principles to social problems by approving housing, raising wages, and supporting public health measures. Preached by protestant clergy who believed addressing poverty would lead people to individual salvation

Walter Rauschenbusch

Baptist minister from New York; worked in the poverty stricken neighborhood of New York City called Hells kitchen and wrote books urging organized religions to take up cause of social justice. Encouraged many middle-class protestants to attack urban problems

Jane Addams

Settlement worker who founded hull house in Chicago; civic minded volunteer who created the foundation for the later job of social workers

Divorce

Legal dissolution of a marriage; rates increased to one and 12 marriages by 1900 partly due to a number of state legislatures expanding the grounds for it to include cruelty and desertion

Family size

How big ones family is; got smaller when shifted from rural to urban; children were an asset on a farm but liability in the city so national average for birthrates and a family size dropped

Susan B Anthony

Women from New York who helped found the national American woman suffrage association to secure a vote for women

National American woman suffrage association (NAWSA)

Focus on women's rights, especially the right to vote, and took up the battle for federal woman's suffrage amendment

Women's Christian temperance union (WCTU)

Formed in 1874; advocated total abstinence from alcohol; had 500,000 members by 1898

Francis E. Willard

From Evanston, Illinois; leader of the WCTU

Anti-saloon league

Founded in 1893; it became a powerful political force and in 1916 persuaded 21 states to close down all saloons and bars

Carrie A nation

From Kansas; couldn't wait for laws to change, so raided saloons and smashing barrels of beer with a hatchet

Realism

19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Naturalism

Focused on how emotions and experiences shape human experience

Mark twain

Pen name for Samuel l Clemens; became the first great realist author. Book, the adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) revealed the greed, violence, and realism in society

Stephen crane

wroye naturalistic novel called Maggie: a girl of the streets (1893) which told how a brutal urban Environment could destroy the lives of young people. Also wrote the red badge of courage which was about fear and human nature on the Civil War battlefield; died of tuberculosis at 29

Jack Landon

Young a California writer and adventure who pertroyed the conflict between nature and civilization and novels such as the call of the wild (1903)

Theodore Dreiser

wrote sister Carrie (1900) which was a novel about a poor working girl in Chicago; it was a naturalistic book that caused sensation and shocked the moral sensibilities of the time

Winslow homer

The foremost American painter of seascapes and watercolors; often rendered scenes of nature in a matter of fact way

Thomas Eakins

Painter whose realism included paintings of surgical scenes and the every day lives of working class men and women. Also used a new technology of serial action photographs to study human anatomy and paint more realistically

James McNeill Whistler

Born in Massachusetts but spent most of his time in Paris and London. Most famous painting, arrangement in gray and black, NO. 1 (a.k.a. Whistler's mother) hangs in the louvre

Mary Cassatt

Distinguished portrait painter who spent most of life in France where she learned technique of impressionism, especially in the use of pastel colors

Impressionism

Style/movement in painting that was characterized by a concern with depicting the visual impression of a literary or artistic style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience rather than to achieve an accurate depiction

Ashcan school

Artistic movement in the US during the late 19th/early 20th century that is best known for Works portraying scenes of daily life in New York, often in cities poor neighborhoods; George bellows went there

Armory show

New York City in 1913; large exhibit of abstract nonrepresentational paintings that sent shocks through the artistic community

Henry Hobson Richardson

Change the direction of American architecture and 1870s; designs were based on Romanesque style; gave gravity and stateliness to functional commercial buildings

Romanesque style

Massive stonewalls and rounded arches

Louis Sullivan

From Chicago; rejected historical styles in his quest for a suitable style for the tall, steel framed office buildings of the 1880s and 1890s. His buildings achieved an aesthetic of unity

Frank Loyd Wright

Employee of Sullivan's in the 1890s; developed organic style of architecture that was in harmony with its natural surroundings. Vision is exemplified in the long, horizontal lines of his prairie style houses. Became most famous American architect of the 20th century

Frederick Law Olmsted

One of the most influential urbanists; specialized in the planning of city parks in scenic boulevards including Central Park in New York City and the grounds of the US Capitol in DC; originator of landscape architecture and establish the basis for later urban landscape

Landscape architecture

Design of outdoor areas, landmarks, and a structures to achieve environmental, social behavioral, or aesthetic outcomes

Federal land grants

Federal government provided railroad companies with huge subsidies in the form of loans and land grants to promote progress. Government gave 80 railroad companies more than 170,000,000 acres of public land (area larger than Texas). Land was given an alternate mile square sections in a checkerboard pattern along the proposed route of the railroad. Government expected railroad would sell land new settlers to finance construction and completed railroad might both increase the value of government lands and provide preferred rates for caring the mail and transporting troops

Corruption

Dishonest or fraudulent conduct buy those in power

Credit mobiler

Construction company chartered by union pacific railroad. Insiders used this company among others to bribe government officials and pocket huge profits

Railroad rates

amount railroads charged consumers in order for them to use the railroad

Interstate commerce act of 1887

Required railroad rates to be reasonable and just. It also set up the first federal regulatory agency (interstate commerce commission) which held the power to investigate pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices and prosecuting companies

Sherman anti-trust act of 1890

Prohibited any contract, combination, in the form of trust, or otherwise, or conspiracy in the restraint of trade or commerce

Anti-trust movement

Cooperative trust Came under widespread attack and 1880s. Middle class citizens fear trust unchecked concentration of power and urban elites resented the increasing influence of the new rich

United States v EC Knights CO

1895; Supreme Court rule the Sherman antitrust act could be applied only to commerce, not to manufacturing

Assassination of President Garfield

1881; deranged officer seeker killed him; push Congress to remove certain government jobs from the control of party patronage

Pendleton act of 1883

Set up by the civil service commission and created a system by which applicants for classified federal jobs would be selected on the basis of their scores on a competitive examination. Also prohibited civil servants from making political contributions. At first, only apply to 10% a federal employees

Civil service commission

Government agency under the Pendleton act of 1883 that oversaw the administration of the exam in order to fulfill jobs

Debtors

Person/people that owe a sum of money; farmers and start up businesses wanted more easy money in circulation because it would enable them to Borrow money at lower interest rates, and pay off their loans more easily with inflated dollars

Soft money

Money donated to political parties were the purpose is not to promote a specific candidates. Largely unregulated with no cap on it. (Easy money)

Panic of 1873

First global depression brought by industrial capitalism. Caused by too many railroads in factories being formed than existing markets can bear and the overloading by banks to those projects. Many blamed the gold standard for restricting the money

Creditors

Person or company to whom money is owed; stood for hard money. Argue dollars backed by gold would hold value against inflation

Hard money

Currency backed by gold and stored in government vaults

Crime of 1873

What people called in the event of Congress stopping the coining of silver in the 1870s

Bland Allison act

Compromise law that allows only a limited coinage of between 2 million and 4 million in silver each month at the standard silver to gold ratio of 16 to 1

Consumers

People/person who purchase goods/services for personal use

High tariffs

Hi tax/duty imposed by one nation on the imported goods or services of another nation