Exercise and Sport Psychology - Test 2

an object, standard, or aim of action

What is a goal?

one cognitive based strategy to increase performance and personal development

Goal setting is….

motivation, confidence, focus, self-awareness, give direction, reduce anxiety

What can goal-setting enhance?

general statements of intent or desire, cannot be measured

Definition of subjective goals

goals that identify a specific measurable standard of proficiency with a specific time-frame

What is an objective goal?

outcome, process, performance 

Three types of objective goals

goals that focus on the competitive result of an event, dependent in part on performance and ability of opponents, least important of objective goals

What is an outcome goal?

goal that focus on objectives which are independent of competition’s ability and performance, like a closed environment in motor learning, setting a pr rather than winning the race, free throws vs scoring x points

What is a performance goal?

he was the first human to break the 4:00 mile time, breaking the mold on the belief on the limits of the human body

Who is Dr. Roger Bannister?

goals that focus on intricacies required during performance to execute or perform well, eg. holding follow-through or squaring yourself to the basket 

What is a process goal? 

specific, measurable, action-oriented, realistic, timely, self-determined

List the SMARTS goals

“subgoals” that encourage or force the actions required to achieve goals, smaller and smaller goals which allow person to feel a sense of progression and remain motivated

What does action-oriented mean in terms of SMARTS goals?

sense of control which increases motivation, allowing the person wanting to achieve goals to have input 

Self-determined in terms of SMARTS goals

Setting specific goals enhanced performance on low complexity tasks more so than high

What did people learn from setting specific goals? (Burton 1989)

found that goal-setting increase performance more so than not setting any regardless of sport or not

Swain and Jones (1995) findings

a: know how to achieve already b: forseeable in right environment c. no idea how to reach, taps into creativity and most growth

abc type goals from David karasek’s video

Mechanistic Theory, directing attention to important aspects of task, mobilizing effort by having a series of goals which increases immediate effort, prolong persistence, and reduces boredom, allows one to develop new learning strategies

Lock and Latham (1990) findings 

athlete’s goals are linked to anxiety, motivation and confidence. The three types are outcome, performance, and process.

Burton’s Cognitive Theory (1983)

Process and performance leads to realistic goals which can increase confidence and lower cognitive anxiety which increases effort and performance

The ideal goal-setting strategy according to Burton’s Cognitive Theory

best increase in performance, based on learning and high perceived ability consequently

Performance orientation based on BCT

slight increase in performance, based on social comparison / winning —> high perceived ability

Success orientation based on BCT

slight decrease in performance, based on social comparison and winning —> low perceived ability

Failure orientation based on BCT

theory which is based on per expectancy or valence translating into performance 

Garland’s Cognitive Mediation Theory (1985) 

self-efficacy belief relative to reaching range of performance levels, how one expects to perform, dependent on opponents, ability, and past performances

Per expectancy definition according to Garland’s Cognitive mediation theory

how an individual feels if they perform a certain way, very subjective, eg. going ¼ at bat to win or lose the game

Performance valence according to Garland’s Cognitive Mediation Theory

specific measurable goals, moderately difficult but realistic goals, short and long term goals, process + performance + outcome goals, goals for both practice and competition, positive goals, target dates, goal achievement strategies, goal eval and feedback, provide support for goals

Goal Setting Guidelines 

stair based goal

increasingly more difficult goals with progression, steps cannot be skipped

Mountain goal

building upon previous goals, slowly increasing difficulty, frequency, or intensity

ability to focus (not force) one’s attention on task at hand and not be disturbed by irrelevant internal and external stimuli

concentration / attentional focus

attention is taking possession by the mind clearly, choosing one train of through out of many 

William Jones, 1890f

focalization

withdrawing from a few things to deal effectively with others

highly decorated decathlete who failed a normally trivial task due to a focus on a crooked landing mat during his 15ft 6 in pole vault at the olympic trials to go to the barcelona games. Failed his last try due to overthinking and focus on outcome

Dan O’ Brien case

selective awareness, maintaining focus over time, situational awareness, correctly shifting attentional focus

4 components of concentration

Types of attentional focus 

broad, narrow, internal, external 

Broad external

attentional focus, assess field positions of players

Broad internal

attentional focus, analyze game plan and understand next course of action

Narrow external

attentional focus, focus on one or two factors such as opponent in front of you or ball

narrow internal 

attentional focus, mentally rehearsing upcoming performance, imagine how performance should go, control emotional state (deep breath) 

Associative and dissociative

Types of Attentional-Dissociation (locking in methods)

Associative

A type of attentional dissociation that focuses on monitoring bodily functions such as heart rate, respiration, and muscle tension (correlated with faster running performance, Masters and Ogles, 1998)

Dissociative

a type of attentional dissociation that is focused on not monitoring bodily functions and tuning distractions out. Primary example is at the end of a marathon when a runner disregards signals from the body to stop, should be used by people who want to adhere more to exercise

Attentional selectivity, attentional capacity, attentional alertness

3 Aspects of Information Processing

Attentional Selectivity

filtering information (what’s needed, what isn’t) NOT always controllable A

Attentional Capacity

Amount of information that can be processed at one time. Proportional, 100 percent that can be divided to multiple things.

multitasking

a difficult process that involves using 100% of attentional capacity on many tasks simultaneously A

Attentional Alertness 

A key aspect of info processing that relates to the differences in attentional narrowing and focus

The difference between attentional narrowing and focus is that narrowing is involuntary and induced by emotion while focus is voluntary concentration

Difference b/w attentional narrowing and focus?

Choking

lack of attention to the task at hand, a process that leads to impaired performance at any point in a competition

Anxiety

an interpretation, a bad emotional state associated with worry, nervousness, and apprehension

Arousal 

emotional state that can fluctuate throughout the day, may be known as emotional frenzy 

Types of Anxiety

Trait, state

trait anxiety

a type of anxiety that is a predisposition for an individual to feel worry, nervousness, and apprehension, “transforming” a non-dangerous situation into a dangerous one

State anxiety

a more transient type of anxiety that involves an individual feeling worried at a given moment

2 types of state anxiety

cognitive, somatic

Cognitive

component of state anxiety that is the “thought” behind the process, worry and apprehension

Somatic 

component of state anxiety that is the physical response

Stress

a feeling that can be defined as perceiving oneself to not have the adequate resources to fulfill a given demand, and must have important consequences to the individual 

environmental demand, cognitive appraisal, stress response, behavior / outcome

4 steps of Stress Process (McGrath 1970)

Cognitive-Affective Theory

a theory that refines the Stress process model and combines the cognitive appraisal with the stress response, also adding moderators (personality, history of stressors, coping mechanisms) as ways in which a response or perception can be altered

personality, history of stressors, coping mechanisms

3 moderators of the cognitive-affective model

Two different types of cognitive appraisal: primary and secondary

Lazarus and folkman, 1984

primary - does this demand have any importance to me secondary - do i have the resources to match this demand?

Explain differences in primary vs. secondary appraisal