AP World Units 1 and 2 Test Review

Confucianism: Five Key Relationships

Ruler-subject, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger, friend-friend.

Basic Concepts of Confucianism

Filial piety, social harmony, and respect for authority.

Main Beliefs of Daoism

Emphasizes harmony with nature, simple living, and following the Dao ("the Way").

Champa Rice

Quick-maturing, drought-resistant rice from Vietnam that boosted agricultural productivity in Song China.

The Grand Canal

An inland waterway built to connect northern and southern China, promoting economic integration and trade.

Gunpowder

Innovated in China during the Song dynasty, eventually used in weaponry and military tactics.

Mandate of Heaven

Belief that Chinese emperors were granted the right to rule by heaven, which justified the rise and fall of dynasties.

Shared Characteristics of Abrahamic Religions

Monotheistic, belief in prophets, sacred texts, and ethical guidelines.

Islamic Contributions to Science

Advancements in medicine, algebra, astronomy, and the preservation of Greek and Roman knowledge.

Main Beliefs of Buddhism

Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path aimed at achieving enlightenment (Nirvana).

Buddhist Challenge to Social Hierarchy

Rejected the rigid caste system in India by emphasizing individual spiritual progress.

Main Beliefs of Hinduism

Belief in karma, dharma (duty), samsara (rebirth), and moksha (liberation from the cycle of rebirth).

Merchants' Role in Spreading Islam to South Asia

Trade networks facilitated cultural exchanges and the spread of Islam through merchant communities.

Swahili Coast City-States

Independent city-states on the East African coast, thriving through Indian Ocean trade.

Great Zimbabwe

A powerful trade-based kingdom in Southern Africa known for its stone architecture and trade links to the Indian Ocean.

Mali Empire

West African empire, rich from controlling gold-salt trade, and known for Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca.

Feudalism

A decentralized political system where land is exchanged for military service and protection.

Manorialism

An economic system centered around self-sufficient estates run by lords and worked by serfs.

Serfdom

A system where peasants were bound to the land and provided labor in exchange for protection.

Impact of the Crusades

Exposure to Middle Eastern trade and knowledge, weakening of the feudal system in Europe.

Status of Women in the Middle Ages

Limited rights and roles, though European women had slightly more autonomy than women in Song China.

Geography of the Silk Road

Trade routes connecting East Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe.

Paper Money on the Silk Roads

Facilitated trade by making transactions easier and promoting economic growth.

Geographic Location of the Mongol Empire

Stretched across Central Asia, China, the Middle East, and parts of Europe.

Development of the Mongol Empire

Unified under Genghis Khan, expanded through conquest, later split into khanates.

Mongol Contributions to Global Trade

Protected and expanded the Silk Road, promoting trade and cultural exchange.

Mongol Rule Methods

Varied by region; tolerant in Persia and China, harsher in Russia.

Major Goods Traded Along the Indian Ocean

Spices, textiles, ivory, gold, and precious stones.

Religious Connections to Indian Ocean Trade: Buddhism

Spread through maritime trade routes from India to Southeast Asia.

Religious Connections to Indian Ocean Trade: Islam

Spread through merchant interactions and trade across the Indian Ocean.

Role of Monsoon Winds in Indian Ocean Trade

Seasonal winds that enabled more efficient travel between East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia.

People Who Traded Along the Indian Ocean

Arabs, Indians, Chinese, Southeast Asians, and East Africans.

Trans-Saharan Trade Network and Islam

Islam spread through trade and cultural exchange in North and West Africa.

Role of Caravanserai in Trans-Saharan Trade

Roadside inns that provided safety and rest for traders, boosting long-distance trade.

Major Goods Traded Along Trans-Saharan Routes

Gold, salt, ivory, and slaves.

Mali Empire and the Trans-Saharan Trade

Mali gained wealth by controlling the gold-salt trade, helping the empire to flourish.

Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta

Both traveled widely and documented their journeys, but had different focuses: Marco Polo on trade and Ibn Battuta on Islamic culture.

Causes and Effects of the Black Death

Spread along trade routes, caused massive population loss, weakened economies, and shifted power structures.