anp ll exam: ch 20-23

tamut biol 2402

Blood flowing in the vena cava will next enter the __________

right atrium

What feature allows the blood supply to the heart muscle to remain relatively constant regardless of the pressure changes in the coronary arteries due to heartbeats?

arterial anastomoses

During the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential, which ion is entering the cardiac muscle cell?

calcium

On an ECG, what phase of the cardiac cycle is masked by the QRS complex?

atrial repolarization

Passive refilling of the heart occurs during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

ventricular diastole

At rest, the end-systolic volume (ESV) is what percent of the end-diastolic volume (EDV)?

40%

Susan visits the doctor for a stress test before beginning a workout schedule. On the treadmill at a full run for 5 minutes, her heart rate was 150 bpm and her stroke volume was determined to be 120 mL. What is her calculated Cardiac Output?

18 L / min

The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right and the left ventricle pumps more blood than the right. Are these two statements true or false?

The first is true; the second is false

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute during the cardiac cycle is called the __________.

cardiac output

How is heart rate controlled?

All the listed answers are correct.

The epicardium is also known as the __________.

visceral pericardium

The ____________ follows the coronary sulcus around the heart and supplies blood to the left atrium and ventricle.

circumflex artery

Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the __________.

left atrium

The papillary muscles function to __________

prevent the AV valves from inverting into the atria

The __________ valve prevents backward flow of blood into the left ventricle.

aortic

The pulmonary veins carry __________ blood to the __________ atrium.

oxygenated; left

Which of the following statements is true about the SA (sinoatrial) node?

The rate of spontaneous depolarization of nodal cells is the fastest in the SA node.

The P wave of the electrocardiogram is closely followed by ________

contraction of both atria

An action potential in cardiac contractile cells is the same as an action potential in skeletal muscle cells EXCEPT for ______

the presence of a plateau phase in cardiac contractile cells

Which of the following correctly lists the order of events in the conducting pathway?

SA node, internodal pathway, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

The plateau phase of the ventricular action potential is caused by _______

slow voltage-gated Ca2+ channels opening

The first heart sound, "lubb," is caused by the ________.

closing of the atrioventricular valves

During ventricular systole, the blood pressure __________ and ventricular volume __________.

increases; decreases

What happens during isovolumetric contraction?

Ventricular pressure rises

The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle as ventricular diastole begins is called the __________

end-systolic volume

Which of these statements concerning the cardiac cycle is FALSE?

Ventricular systole begins at the peak of atrial systole

Which of the following factors will decrease cardiac output?

stimulation of the vagus nerve

Which of the following will NOT increase the heart rate?

increased parasympathetic stimulation of the SA node

If you know both the heart rate and stroke volume, you can calculate the __________.

cardiac output

Which of the following factors does NOT occur during exercise?

increased afterload

The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?

two

Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae?

right atrium

Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?

left atrium

Which heart chamber pumps oxygen-poor blood out the pulmonary trunk?

right ventricle

Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?

left ventricle

Isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling (two phases of the cardiac cycle) take place during __________.

ventricular diastole

Which of the following is correct about the filling of the ventricles?

Most blood flows passively into the ventricles through open AV valves

Describe the pressures in the atria and ventricles that would cause the opening of the AV valves.

Pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles

What causes the aortic semilunar valve to close?

greater pressure in the aorta than in the left ventricle

Put the phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order, starting after ventricular filling.

isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation

Increased pressure in the ventricles would close what valve(s)?

AV valves only

The only vessels whose walls are thin enough to exchange materials with the surrounding cells are __________.

capillaries

If the capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) is elevated, what consequences will this have on the surrounding tissues?

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will cause excess interstitial fluid accumulation in the surrounding tissues.

Resistance to blood flow in blood vessels is calculated using the formula R ∝ 1/r4 where R = Resistance and r = radius. Blood vessel A is 20 cm long and has a diameter of 2 cm. Blood vessel B is 10 cm long and has a diameter of 0.5 cm. Which of the following most accurately indicates the vessel with the greatest resistance?

Blood vessel B has a resistance to flow = 256.

After workout, Eli was not feeling well, so he went to his doctor. His diastolic pressure was 105 and his pulse pressure was 39. Using these values calculate his systolic pressure.

144

Which brain region contains the cardiovascular centers?

medulla oblongata

Hemorrhage triggers all of these responses EXCEPT __________.

an increase in urine production

The pulmonary trunk carries __________ blood __________ the lung.

deoxygenated; to

Which of these arteries does NOT originate on the abdominal aorta?

femoral

If a newborn presents with patent ductus arteriosus, what could be the possible consequence to the newborn baby?

All of the listed responses are correct.

All of these changes in the cardiovascular system are commonly seen in aging EXCEPT __________.

All of the listed responses are correct.

What structural component gives arteries the ability to passively adapt to changes in blood pressures that accompany the heartbeat?

elastic fibers

The layer of the blood vessel wall that is dominated by smooth muscle cells is called the __________.

tunica media

Vasomotion refers to contraction-relaxation cycles of the __________.

precapillary sphincters

The peak blood pressure measured during ventricular systole is called __________.

systolic pressure

Peripheral resistance depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT __________.

blood colloid osmotic pressure

When the net filtration pressure is negative, what process is occurring?

Fluid is moving back into the capillary.

When muscle cells contract, they release substances that cause nearby precapillary sphincters to relax. This is an example of __________.

autoregulation

Each of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT __________.

an inhibitor of angiotensin II

The cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata control __________.

all of the listed responses

Which of these arteries is NOT part of the cerebral arterial circle?

basilar artery

In the case of hemorrhage, the body mobilizes all these defenses EXCEPT __________.

decreased ADH secretion

Which of the following statements about the pulmonary circuit is FALSE?

The right and left pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood.

Which of the following changes take place when you begin to exercise?

All of the above changes take place as you begin to exercise.

Which of these arteries does NOT branch directly off of the aortic arch?

right subclavian artery

The brachial artery branches to form the ulnar and __________.

radial arteries

Which of the following branches of the abdominal aorta are paired?

phrenic

Which of the following cardiovascular changes occur at birth?

All of these changes occur at birth.

As we age, which of these changes is NOT normally seen in the cardiovascular system?

increased elasticity of the fibrous skeleton

Which of the following is mismatched?

umbilical vein; deoxygenated blood to placenta from fetus

Blood passes from the external iliac vein into what vessel?

common iliac vein

In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________.

blood pressure

The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.

capillary; interstitial fluid

Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary?

34 mm Hg

The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________.

proteins in the blood

Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?

net osmotic pressure

Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?

venous

Each of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT __________.

an inhibitor of angiotensin II

Hemorrhage triggers all of these responses EXCEPT __________.

an increase in urine production

Which of the following changes take place when you begin to exercise?

All of the above changes take place as you begin to exercise.

Each of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT __________.

an inhibitor of angiotensin II

Hemorrhage triggers all of these responses EXCEPT __________.

an increase in urine production

Which of the following changes take place when you begin to exercise?

All of the above changes take place as you begin to exercise.

Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of arterial plaque. When plaque first begins to form, on which part of the blood vessel do the monocytes bind after taking in cholesterol-rich lipoproteins?

endothelial lining

Which part of the blood vessel wall is dominated by smooth muscle?

tunica media

Vascular resistance is the friction force that opposes blood flow in a blood vessel. What two factors are the most important in generating friction between blood and the walls of a vessel?

blood vessel diameter and length

Atherosclerosis has been associated with high blood pressure. What is it called when a person has a blood pressure of 158/99?

stage 1 hypertension

Which cell type is essential to the immune response?

lymphocytes

How is lymph collected from the right leg introduced back into circulation?

The lymph from this region of the body re-enters circulation through the thoracic duct.

Which of the following descriptions is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity?

intolerance

The human body contains over 75 trillion cells, yet under normal conditions, the T cells only attack specific cells. Which of the following is NOT a trait associated with T cells?

antibody production

Different mechanisms of cytoxoxic T cell destruction include all of the following EXCEPT __________.

activation of CD4 marker response to antigen presentation

A new virus, C75AP, is identified that can suppress the immune response for certain types of lymphocytes by infecting them. If infected, the loss of function for which lymphocyte would have the greatest impact on subsequent immune response?

helper T cells

On what portion of an antigen do the antibodies bind?

the epitope

If an infected cell releases antigens into the extracellular fluid, which class of antibodies would be involved in the sensitization process of B cells?

IgD

Kaposi's sarcoma is a type of cancer that is caused by the human herpesvirus-8. Which of the following would be the best treatment option for this type of cancer?

interferons

Which of the following is NOT an effect of glucocorticoid secretion on the effectiveness of the immune response?

increased interferon activity

What type of cytokine stimulates blood cell production?

Colony-stimulating factors

Interleukins are a diverse group of chemical messengers with multiple functions in the immune system. Which of the following is NOT a likely function of interleukins?

Participating in the immune response as phagocytes