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Blood flowing in the vena cava will next enter the __________
right atrium
What feature allows the blood supply to the heart muscle to remain relatively constant regardless of the pressure changes in the coronary arteries due to heartbeats?
arterial anastomoses
During the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential, which ion is entering the cardiac muscle cell?
calcium
On an ECG, what phase of the cardiac cycle is masked by the QRS complex?
atrial repolarization
Passive refilling of the heart occurs during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
ventricular diastole
At rest, the end-systolic volume (ESV) is what percent of the end-diastolic volume (EDV)?
40%
Susan visits the doctor for a stress test before beginning a workout schedule. On the treadmill at a full run for 5 minutes, her heart rate was 150 bpm and her stroke volume was determined to be 120 mL. What is her calculated Cardiac Output?
18 L / min
The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right and the left ventricle pumps more blood than the right. Are these two statements true or false?
The first is true; the second is false
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute during the cardiac cycle is called the __________.
cardiac output
How is heart rate controlled?
All the listed answers are correct.
The epicardium is also known as the __________.
visceral pericardium
The ____________ follows the coronary sulcus around the heart and supplies blood to the left atrium and ventricle.
circumflex artery
Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the __________.
left atrium
The papillary muscles function to __________
prevent the AV valves from inverting into the atria
The __________ valve prevents backward flow of blood into the left ventricle.
aortic
The pulmonary veins carry __________ blood to the __________ atrium.
oxygenated; left
Which of the following statements is true about the SA (sinoatrial) node?
The rate of spontaneous depolarization of nodal cells is the fastest in the SA node.
The P wave of the electrocardiogram is closely followed by ________
contraction of both atria
An action potential in cardiac contractile cells is the same as an action potential in skeletal muscle cells EXCEPT for ______
the presence of a plateau phase in cardiac contractile cells
Which of the following correctly lists the order of events in the conducting pathway?
SA node, internodal pathway, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
The plateau phase of the ventricular action potential is caused by _______
slow voltage-gated Ca2+ channels opening
The first heart sound, "lubb," is caused by the ________.
closing of the atrioventricular valves
During ventricular systole, the blood pressure __________ and ventricular volume __________.
increases; decreases
What happens during isovolumetric contraction?
Ventricular pressure rises
The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle as ventricular diastole begins is called the __________
end-systolic volume
Which of these statements concerning the cardiac cycle is FALSE?
Ventricular systole begins at the peak of atrial systole
Which of the following factors will decrease cardiac output?
stimulation of the vagus nerve
Which of the following will NOT increase the heart rate?
increased parasympathetic stimulation of the SA node
If you know both the heart rate and stroke volume, you can calculate the __________.
cardiac output
Which of the following factors does NOT occur during exercise?
increased afterload
The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?
two
Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae?
right atrium
Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?
left atrium
Which heart chamber pumps oxygen-poor blood out the pulmonary trunk?
right ventricle
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?
left ventricle
Isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling (two phases of the cardiac cycle) take place during __________.
ventricular diastole
Which of the following is correct about the filling of the ventricles?
Most blood flows passively into the ventricles through open AV valves
Describe the pressures in the atria and ventricles that would cause the opening of the AV valves.
Pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles
What causes the aortic semilunar valve to close?
greater pressure in the aorta than in the left ventricle
Put the phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order, starting after ventricular filling.
isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation
Increased pressure in the ventricles would close what valve(s)?
AV valves only
The only vessels whose walls are thin enough to exchange materials with the surrounding cells are __________.
capillaries
If the capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) is elevated, what consequences will this have on the surrounding tissues?
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will cause excess interstitial fluid accumulation in the surrounding tissues.
Resistance to blood flow in blood vessels is calculated using the formula R ∝ 1/r4 where R = Resistance and r = radius. Blood vessel A is 20 cm long and has a diameter of 2 cm. Blood vessel B is 10 cm long and has a diameter of 0.5 cm. Which of the following most accurately indicates the vessel with the greatest resistance?
Blood vessel B has a resistance to flow = 256.
After workout, Eli was not feeling well, so he went to his doctor. His diastolic pressure was 105 and his pulse pressure was 39. Using these values calculate his systolic pressure.
144
Which brain region contains the cardiovascular centers?
medulla oblongata
Hemorrhage triggers all of these responses EXCEPT __________.
an increase in urine production
The pulmonary trunk carries __________ blood __________ the lung.
deoxygenated; to
Which of these arteries does NOT originate on the abdominal aorta?
femoral
If a newborn presents with patent ductus arteriosus, what could be the possible consequence to the newborn baby?
All of the listed responses are correct.
All of these changes in the cardiovascular system are commonly seen in aging EXCEPT __________.
All of the listed responses are correct.
What structural component gives arteries the ability to passively adapt to changes in blood pressures that accompany the heartbeat?
elastic fibers
The layer of the blood vessel wall that is dominated by smooth muscle cells is called the __________.
tunica media
Vasomotion refers to contraction-relaxation cycles of the __________.
precapillary sphincters
The peak blood pressure measured during ventricular systole is called __________.
systolic pressure
Peripheral resistance depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT __________.
blood colloid osmotic pressure
When the net filtration pressure is negative, what process is occurring?
Fluid is moving back into the capillary.
When muscle cells contract, they release substances that cause nearby precapillary sphincters to relax. This is an example of __________.
autoregulation
Each of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT __________.
an inhibitor of angiotensin II
The cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata control __________.
all of the listed responses
Which of these arteries is NOT part of the cerebral arterial circle?
basilar artery
In the case of hemorrhage, the body mobilizes all these defenses EXCEPT __________.
decreased ADH secretion
Which of the following statements about the pulmonary circuit is FALSE?
The right and left pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood.
Which of the following changes take place when you begin to exercise?
All of the above changes take place as you begin to exercise.
Which of these arteries does NOT branch directly off of the aortic arch?
right subclavian artery
The brachial artery branches to form the ulnar and __________.
radial arteries
Which of the following branches of the abdominal aorta are paired?
phrenic
Which of the following cardiovascular changes occur at birth?
All of these changes occur at birth.
As we age, which of these changes is NOT normally seen in the cardiovascular system?
increased elasticity of the fibrous skeleton
Which of the following is mismatched?
umbilical vein; deoxygenated blood to placenta from fetus
Blood passes from the external iliac vein into what vessel?
common iliac vein
In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________.
blood pressure
The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.
capillary; interstitial fluid
Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary?
34 mm Hg
The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________.
proteins in the blood
Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?
net osmotic pressure
Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?
venous
Each of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT __________.
an inhibitor of angiotensin II
Hemorrhage triggers all of these responses EXCEPT __________.
an increase in urine production
Which of the following changes take place when you begin to exercise?
All of the above changes take place as you begin to exercise.
Each of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT __________.
an inhibitor of angiotensin II
Hemorrhage triggers all of these responses EXCEPT __________.
an increase in urine production
Which of the following changes take place when you begin to exercise?
All of the above changes take place as you begin to exercise.
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of arterial plaque. When plaque first begins to form, on which part of the blood vessel do the monocytes bind after taking in cholesterol-rich lipoproteins?
endothelial lining
Which part of the blood vessel wall is dominated by smooth muscle?
tunica media
Vascular resistance is the friction force that opposes blood flow in a blood vessel. What two factors are the most important in generating friction between blood and the walls of a vessel?
blood vessel diameter and length
Atherosclerosis has been associated with high blood pressure. What is it called when a person has a blood pressure of 158/99?
stage 1 hypertension
Which cell type is essential to the immune response?
lymphocytes
How is lymph collected from the right leg introduced back into circulation?
The lymph from this region of the body re-enters circulation through the thoracic duct.
Which of the following descriptions is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity?
intolerance
The human body contains over 75 trillion cells, yet under normal conditions, the T cells only attack specific cells. Which of the following is NOT a trait associated with T cells?
antibody production
Different mechanisms of cytoxoxic T cell destruction include all of the following EXCEPT __________.
activation of CD4 marker response to antigen presentation
A new virus, C75AP, is identified that can suppress the immune response for certain types of lymphocytes by infecting them. If infected, the loss of function for which lymphocyte would have the greatest impact on subsequent immune response?
helper T cells
On what portion of an antigen do the antibodies bind?
the epitope
If an infected cell releases antigens into the extracellular fluid, which class of antibodies would be involved in the sensitization process of B cells?
IgD
Kaposi's sarcoma is a type of cancer that is caused by the human herpesvirus-8. Which of the following would be the best treatment option for this type of cancer?
interferons
Which of the following is NOT an effect of glucocorticoid secretion on the effectiveness of the immune response?
increased interferon activity
What type of cytokine stimulates blood cell production?
Colony-stimulating factors
Interleukins are a diverse group of chemical messengers with multiple functions in the immune system. Which of the following is NOT a likely function of interleukins?
Participating in the immune response as phagocytes
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