CHAPTER-1 Miller and Levine Biology

Science- An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world.

Observation- The act of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful, ordinary way. The work of scientists usually begins with this.

Inference- A logical interpretation based on what scientists already know.

Hypothesis- A scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be tested in ways that support or reject it.

Controlled experiment- Where a hypothesis is tested with only one variable changed.

Independent Variable- Factor that is deliberately changed by the scientist. The factor that is deliberately changed by the scientist. Also, known as the manipulated variable.

Dependent Variable- factor changes due to what changed(measuring to verify your hypothesis).

Control Group- Exposed to the same conditions as the experimental groups except for the independent variable.

Date- Detailed records of experimental observations.

Theory- ties hypothesis together, unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses.

Bias- particular preference or point of view that is personal

DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid; complex information needed to grow, live and reproduce

Asexual reproduction- single organism produces offspring identical to itself

Scientific method- observing, asking questions, making inferences, forming hypotheses conduct an experiment, collecting/analyzing data, drawing conclusions

Characteristics of living things- made up of cells, based on DNA, obtain, and use materials and energy, grow and develop, reproduce, respond to their environment, maintain a stable internal environment, change over time

Microscope- produce magnified images that are too small to see with an unaided eye

Electron microscope- this tool uses a beam of electrons to see small objects

Cell culture- a group of reproducing cells often in a petri dish

Cell fractionation- cells broken apart and separated by a centrifuge

Curiosity- strong desire to know or learn something

Open-mindedness- a willingness to listen to new ideas or ideas that are different

CHAPTER 2

An atom is composed of three major subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Protons have a positive charge. Neutrons do not carry a charge. Electrons have a negative charge.

The mass of a proton and neutron are approximately the same. Electrons have a significantly smaller mass compared to protons and neutrons.

The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and neutrons being bound together. Electrons orbit around the space surrounding the nucleus.

The number of protons and electrons in an atom is equal. Their opposite charges make the atom electrically neutral.

Isotopes of an element differ in the number of neutrons. This only affects the atomic mass while the chemical properties stay the same. The protons and electrons will still be equal in number.

Recall that a compound is formed when two or more elements combine in a definite ratio. An example would be a water molecule that is formed from the bonding of two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom. From this, we understand that the physical and chemical properties of the compound id quite different from elements forming.

Iconic bonds involve atoms gaining and losing electrons as they are transferred to another atom.

Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons. In these bonds, atoms share electrons with each other to form a bond.

Iconic bonds form stronger covalent bonds and are a result of oppositely charged atoms being attracted to each other.

A molecule is polar when there is an uneven distribution of the charges. It is similar to a magnet in which its opposite ends have different poles.

Buffer is a solution of an acid or a base which in reaction with intense acid or base doesn’t allow sudden changes in pH. It is significant in maintaining od constant pH either in chemical reactions outside or inside.

Ionic bonds involve atoms gaining and losing electrons as they are transferred to another atom. Covalent bonds involve atoms sharing electrons.

Carbon has specific properties as it can form strong covalent bonds with elements like hydrogen, oxygen. It also has the capability to bond with other carbon atoms and can form single, double, triple bonds.

Define Terms

Atom- Basic unit of matter.
Nucleus- the center of an atom that contains protons and neutrons.
Electron- negatively charged particle, located outside the atomic nucleus.
Element- a substance consisting entirely of one type of atom.
Isotope- Atom of an element that has a number of neutrons different from that of other atoms of the same element.
Compound- Substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions
Iconic bond- Bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
Ion- Atom that has a positive or negative charge.
Covalent bond- a bond formed by sharing electrons.
Molecule- Smallest unit of a compound.
Van der Walls forces- a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules.
Hydrogen bond- the weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
Cohesion- Attraction between molecules of the same substance.
Adhesion- the attraction between molecules of different substances.
Mixture- material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically combined together but not chemically combined.
Solution- Mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed.
Solvent- Substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution.
Solute- Substances that are dissolved in a solvent to make a solution
Suspension- Mixture of water and water non-dissolved materials
pH Scale- Measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. Ranges from 0-14
Acid- Compound that forms hydrogen ions in solution. pH less than 7.
Base- weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to help prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH.
Polymer- Large compound formed from a combination of many monomers.
Carbohydrate- compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. A major source of energy for the human body.
Monosaccharide- single sugar molecule
Polsyacchardie- large macromolecules formed from several monosaccharides linked together.
Lipid- used to store energy
Nucleic acids- store and transmit genetic information. Eg- RNA and DNA
Protein- regulate cell processes like timing and order of how things work, made of amino acids.
Chemical reaction- a process that changes or transforms elements or compounds
Reactant- what goes into the reaction
Substrate- reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed.

CHAPTER 3- Define Terms

Biosphere-part of the earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere.
Species- a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
Population- a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
Community- an assemblage of diffe4rent populations that live together in a defined area
Ecology- the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment
Ecosystem- All the organisms that live in a place, together with their nonliving environment
Biome- a group of land ecosystems with similar climates and typical organisms
Biotic Factor- any living part of the environment with which an organism might interact
Autograph- the organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds
Primary producer- first producer of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms
Photosynthesis- the process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
Chemosynthesis- the process in which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates
Heterotroph- an organism that obtains food by consuming other organisms
Consumer- an organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply
Carnivore- an organism that obtains energy by eating animals
Herbivore- an organism that obtains energy by eating plants only
Scavenger- an animal that consumers the carcasses of other animals
Omnivore- an organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals
Detritivore- an organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter
Food chain- series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten.
Food web- a network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem
Tropic level- each step in a food chain or food web
Ecological pyramid- illustration of the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each tropic level in a given food chain or food web
Biomass- the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level
Limiting nutrient- single essential nutrient that limits productivity in an ecosystem
greenhouse effect- Phenomenon in which certain gases trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere.
Habitat- an area where an organism lives, including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it.
Niche- the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism lives and the way in which the organism lives and the ways it interacts with the surroundings
Resource- any necessity of life. Eg- water, air, light, space, and food
Competitive exclusion principle- the principle that states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time
Predation- interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism
Symbiosis- relationship in which two species live close together.
Mutualism- symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship
Parasitism- symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism and harms it
Commensalism- symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
Immigration- a movement of individuals into an area occupied by an existing population
Emigration- a movement of individuals out of a population
Exponential growth- a growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate.
Carrying capacity- the largest number of individuals of a population that a given environment can support.
Limiting factor- a factor that causes the growth of a population to decrease.
Density-dependent limiting factor- limiting factor that depends on the population size.
Monoculture- Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.
Nonrenewable resource- a resource that cannot be replaced
Sustainable development- Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Biological magnification- the process by which pollutants become more concentrated in successive trophic levels of a food web.
Acid Rain- rain containing high amounts of acid
Desertification- any change of fertile land into desert
Pollutant- a material found in air, water, or soil that is harmful to humans or other organisms
Smog- air pollution by a mixture of smoke and fog
Biodiversity- the diversity of life forms in an environment
Ecological Hot spot- Small geographic area where significant numbers of habitats and species are in immediate danger of extinction
Ecosystem diversity- the variety of ecosystems within a given region
Endangered Species- A species whose numbers are so small that the species is at risk of extinction.
Extinct species- a species that was once alive on earth but not anymore
Genetic diversity- the range of genetic material present in a gene pool
Habitat Fragmentation- Splitting of ecosystems into small fragments
SPecies Diversity- number of different species in the biosphere
Threatened species- A species that could become endangered on the near future
Aquaculture- Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater
Global Warming An increase in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere(especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)
Ozone layer0 layer of stratosphere within a high concentration of ozone; absorbs most of the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation.

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Miller and levine biology Chapters 1,2, and 3

CH-1, 2, AND 3 OF MILLER AND LEVINE BIOLOGY