Era of Reforms and Improvements LEQ

Industrial Revolution

Shift in the way we make goods

market revolution

shift in the way we buy/sell goods

what did industrial production do to trade?

Large-scale industrial production increased domestic and international trade as consumers could purchase goods at cheaper prices from different/competing markets

globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

specialization of jobs

no longer self suffiecient

Regional Interdependence

New England → Manufacturing
More factories open
Depends on the south for resources and west for food
The South → Cotton
The West → Nation's "Bread Basket"
Force of nationalism and sectionalism

Transportation/Communications Revolution

Shift in the way we transport goods and communicate

Benefits of Globalization

National:
Most goods are more accessible and at cheaper prices
Contributes to more jobs and employment in manufacturing
New sectors of employment
Increase foreign relations and international trade deals
Companies save money on costs like moving factories to nations with cheaper labor
Purchasing power has increased dramatically
Individual:
People will depend on the cheap prices
Lost jobs are difficult to replace

Shoemakers strike of 1860

individual trade union

National Trades' Union established in 1834 to 1837

Opposition in form of bankers and owners

Commonwealth v Hunt (1842)

"Peaceful unions" had a right to negotiate labor contracts

encouraged immigration

Poor standard of living in home countries
Economic and political opportunity in America
Irish Potato Famine
German Revolutions in 1848
High unemployment
Stories of American growth and success
Mexican-American war
Gold Rush
Relatively relaxed American immigration laws

where did immigrants settle

northern cities

Urbanization

the growth of cities and the migration of people into them

Problem with urbanization

cities are unsafe, too many people
wages brought down by increased competition for jobs

Major Problems Facing America by the 1820s - 30s

Religious values
Drinking
Gambling
Prostitution
Prisoners
Immigration
Education
Slavery

Second Great Awakening

Revivalists criticized Calvinist belief in Predestination and preached a religion of inclusiveness

Utility of Benevolence

"to promote the interests of our species, and bestow happiness on human society"

charles finney

A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals.

lyman beecher

minister who spoke against both Charles Grandison Finney and alcohol consumption

revivalist impact

Revival movement spread South and West
Women responded to individualist message
Temperance and suffrage groups
Working class and common man felt empowered to improve society's moral failings
Baptist and methodist churches opened to African Americans

Utopian Societies

Group of small societies that appeared during the 1800s in an effort to reform American society and create a "perfect" environment (Ex. Shakers, Oneidas, Brook Farm, etc.).

shakers

Splinter group from the Quakers
Settled in Middle States, New England and Northwest Frontier
Revered pacifists
Communal property ownership
No marriage
No sexual intercourse
No pregnancies

oneida

Belief: 2nd coming of Jesus Christ occurred in the year 70, so humans can bring paradise to Earth as well as Heaven. Practices: Communal property ownership,
Mutual criticism, Organized and open marriages

John Humprehy Noyes

leader of oneida

Transcendentalism

goal: : to create a movement of Americans seeking improvement based on their own perspective and through a simpler life

Emerson and Thoreau

Two transcendentalist authors. Emerson - New England author and Unitarian Minister and slavery is evil; Thoreau - New England teacher and slavery should be abolished

the millerites

Seventh-Day Adventists who followed William Miller. They sold their possessions because they believed the Second Coming would be in 1843 or 1844, and waited for the world to end.

mormons

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT

kicked out on the trail of tears

Utah War (1857-1858)

Mormon fears of persecution motivated Gov. Brigham Young to organize a small Mormon force to intercept new governor

What did transcendentalists believe?

Transcendentalists believe that society and its institutions—particularly organized religion and political parties—corrupt the purity of the individual. They have faith that people are at their best when truly "self-reliant" and independent
-believed truth went beyond senses
-Nature is divine

Margaret Fuller

Blended Western religion with Eastern philosophical traditions: Truth and enlightenment can be attained through initiation and inner-reflection

Unitarianism

Stressed an inner interpretation of Christianity and nature
Rational view of God and Jesus Christ
Individual relationship with God

Cult of Domesticity

Woman's role in society was as a guardian of morals and values

Dorthea Dix

Showed that women can have a political voice

Temperance Movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Social activist who sought reform: Abolition, temperance, women's rights, suffrage

Lucretia Mott

Worked as an abolitionist based on her moral and religious views as a Quaker

World anti-slavery convention (1840)

An abolitionist group that believed that the fight should be ONLY about slavery and not about women's rights.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Convention of leading women reformers in New York

economic forces of slavery

- changes in cotton production -- northern factories could make more, so cotton was in high demand

political forces

every state by 1700 had slave codes - creates a racial aspect to the system

slavery is protected by the constitution

3/5ths clause
The Fugitive slave clause
Possibility of limiting slavery in the future - but amendments are necessary

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Avoids succession threats
Westward expansion threatened this in 1846

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Acquisition of Texas and California

annexation

social forces of slavery

slave codes
white supremacy
no black person can be educated
religious explanation "its in the Bible"

Phrenology

The shape of the brain determines who you are and how you operate

southern states population

The Southern states had about half slaves and half white people

antislavery socities

National Black Convention (1830)

what religious beliefs denied slavery

Quakers
Second Great Awakening

Denmark Vesey Revolt (1822)

A failed slave revolt in Charleston, South Carolina led by Denmark Vesey.

Scared white southerners and led to stricter regulations regarding slaves and weakened gradual emancipation movements in some southern states.

david walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

American Colonization Society (1817)

Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa (Liberia)

samuel morse

United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

water frame

1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms

lowell factory system

Labor and production Model: all stages of textile production done under one roof, boardinghouse system, stringent codes controlling activities of factory-girls, Lowell Factory Girls; bad living conditions, long unruly hours

steam engine technology

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

james watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).

robert fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

turnpikes and canals

Paved highways and man-made waterways that connected the northwest to the Midwest. These new forms of transportation massively reduced shipping prices on good and cut shipping time in half, if not more than half.

american system

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Homestead Act of 1862

this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30

Irish Immigration in the 1840s

Two million Irish died in the Potato Famine, which began in 1845. Britain continued to deny Ireland self-rule.
· One million Irish came to the US in the ten-year period starting in 1845.
· Lacking the money to move west and buy farms, the Irish settled in eastern cities where they performed manual labor or domestic work. These concentrations of Irish made them attractive to politicians who wooed their votes.

Peter Cartwright (1785-1872)

Methodist revivalist who traversed the frontier from Tennessee to Illinois in the first decades of the nineteenth century, preaching against slavery and alcohol, and calling on sinners to repent.

richard allen

An African American preacher who helped start the free African society and the African Methodist Episcopal church

brigham young

United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith

prison reform

movement to improve condition and treatment of prisoners and to stop people from being jailed for reasons like debt or mental illness

public school movement

movement aimed at providing greater educational opportunities through the establishment of tax-supported public schools

horace mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

denmark vessey revolt

Who: Denmark Vessey
What: Idea of a slave revolt where Vessey and friends armed slaves and killed whites then sailed to Haiti
When: 1822
Where: Charleston, SC
Importance: Vessey and friends executed for the rumor of revolt; Showed how serious the fear of revolt was among whites; Creation of the Citadel

Amistad Case

africans destined for slavery in cuba seized a ship and tried to sail it to africa but the US navy seized it and held the africans as pirates; court declared them free because of the international slave trade had been illegal

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country