Renaissance and Reformation

renaissance

-the rebirth of Europe of this time especially of art and literature

-also education bringing the ideals from Greek and Rome

Causes of the Renaissance

-end Bubonic plague and Hundred year war

-when they were surrounded by all of this death it motivated them live their life to the fullest

-merchants became more wealthy causing them to be patrons of the arts to show off

-Monarchs of England, France, and Spain promoted commercial revolution causing more money for towns and cities

-France invaded Italy causing them to flee and spread ideas

city-states

-large independent states

-there was a growth of city-states in Italy (birthplace of renaissance)

-helped cultures blend and ideas spread

Greece/Rome

-educated Italians tried to bring back the culture and education of Greece and Rome

-the Renaissance were the “new” Greek and Romans

-reintroduced idea of humanism

-but, they looked down on the Greek and Roman the art and literature of middle ages

merchants

-basis of the Renaissance

-they gained more power because there were less population after the Bubonic plague

-they especially grew in city-states like Florence

-they were also patrons of the art

patrons

-people who financially supported the arts

-church leaders, merchants, and wealthy families

humanism

-the intellectual focus of human potential and achievements

-first introduced by the Greeks

-they studied these Greek works instead of the Bible

-influenced the artists and architects

-also focused on education of History, Literature, and philosophy

classical

-the ideas of the Greek and Roman

-renaissance was heavily influenced by these ideas

-such as there arts, educations, and humanism

secular

-a focus on more worldly things not just faith

-drew people away from “traditional” Christianity

-priest started to focus on more fancy things like homes and art

Renaissance Man

-someone who is well educated

-master in many field and well rounded

-also whoever was educated would also be expected to create art

realism

-a art form focused on real emotions as well portrayed humans introduced during this time

-they slowly moved away from idealism

- Raphael was the first to introduce this style of art

vernacular

-a common spoken language on a literature language like German

-started to emerge in Renaissance literature which helped the ideas spread quicker

-promoted more education

protestantism

-a new branch of Christianity introduced by reformation

-three branches (Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism)

-Luther helped spread it through his 95 theses

-they believe in a more “traditional” form of Christianity where faith is above all

Reformation

-a revolt against authority and the Roman Catholic Church

-introduced by Luther and his ideas through the 95 theses

-many of the people revolting are common peasants against the church

Causes of the Reformation

-renaissance promotes individualism and individual relationship with God

-new invention of printing press allows ideas to spread

-rulers wanted to gain power back from the church

-people were tired of paying taxes to the church and rulers didn’t like the church’s wealth

-church leaders were too concerned about wealth

-the church was weakened and there were corruptions and indulgences which angered people

Reformation Effects

-established Protestant sects

-shattered religious unity

-led to Christianity diversity

-council of Trent was introduced

Christian Humanism

-people from Italy spread their ideas to the Northern renaissance

-caused a spread between Christianity and humanism

-people would still lead a christian life but, they would also have a focus on education

-also reformed society

printing press

-introduced in China but, expanded by Johann Gutenburg

-allowed ideas to spread more and quicker

-it promoted education and new ideas throughout Europe

Martin Luther

-was a lawyer but, later became a monk and teacher because he survived a thunderstorm

-he decided to make a stand through his 95 theses which elaborated on the terrible actions of the church and their indulgences

-he posted on a church door but, then his students made copies and distributed them through Europe

-started the Reformation

-this angered many people so his friend had to hold him in his castle where Martin Luther translated the Bible into German

indulgences

-the church would use these to gain money

-they would target them towards peasants and say if they pay this money God will forgive them of their sins

-would use fear to convince them

-one of the reasons for the 95 theses

Calvinism

-they believed God had already decided who would go to heaven or not and no one could do anything to change it

-there were many rules in this sect such as no games or bright clothing

council of Trent

-made of up of bishops and cardinals

-formed to stop the Protestant ideas to spread

-believed whoever went against the “traditional” Bible is a heretic

-believed people were not only saved by faith alone as Luther believed

-believed indulgences weren’t bad and the church should maintain the power it has

Raphael

-made advancements in realism

-studied Leonardo and Michelangelo’s work and expanded on their ideas

-most famous piece of art is the Athen’s School

Florence

-a major city-state of the time in Italy

-the birthplace of the Renaissance

-had a blend of culture which led to it to be the perfect place for art

Medici

-was the family who ruled Florence at the time

-they were the wealthiest family of the time

-they are a family of bankers

-there were many generations of dictators

Characteristics of Classical Art

• often carved in marble

• focused on perfection

• most figures from the time have similar-looking faces

• usually Gods and Goddesses

• usually nude

• faces are calm and lack emotion

• uses perspective

Characteristics of Medieval Art

• disproportionate figures

• not very strong attempts at perspective

• appear 2D

• castles are often in the background

• plain/patterned background

• people show little movement

• mostly religious

• important people seem bigger

Characteristics of Renaissance Art

• excellent use of perspective

• high detail

• portraits and religious art

• realism

• frescos and canvas paintings

Utopia

A book written by humanist Thomas More about a perfect fictional world. It has no greed, corruption, or war.

William Shakespeare

A famous playwright and poet known for works such as Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and Hamlet. He was influenced by the Renaissance when it spread to England.

Johann Gutenberg

German craftsman who developed the printing press that could print faster and cheaper. This new press helped spread new ideas quickly and to a broader audience.

Albrecht Dürer

famous German artist of the Northern Renaissance

Lutherans

the name for Luther’s followers; a sect of Protestantism

Annul

to remove the record of a marriage completely

Presbyterians

John Knox put Calvin’s ideas into practice in Scotland. His followers were called Presbyterians.

Anabaptists

Believed that people should choose if they wanted to be baptized, so they only baptized people old enough to decide. Did not approve of theocracy and they did not believe in wars. Anabaptists were persecuted by Protestants and Catholics.

Jesuits

a group of Catholics who helped reform the Catholic Church by founding schools that taught both classical subjects and theology, converting people to Christianity, and stopping the spread of Protestantism

Index of Prohibited Book

the burning of texts “dangerous” to the Church

Cartoon

-a rough draft of the painting and made to the same size

-used charcoal to transfer the drawing

Carving in the Round

-a 3-D piece of art which is supposed to seen from all sides

Chiaroscuro

-a heavy contrast between light and dark

-especially in oil paintings

-usually the faces are lighter with the surroundings to be darker

Fresco

-popular during the Renaissance

-wall painting

-they would paint on a freshly plastered wall causing it to be apart of the wall

-the colors are usually muted

Foreshortening

-making people’s limbs look shorter or hidden to seemed to be directly towards the viewer

Pieta

-painting or sculpture of the Virgin Mary with Jesus

Relief

-a sculpture where it is carved only on the front surface and only meant to be seen by the front

Sfumato

-a piece of art with a smoky haze

-directly references to the distance hazy blue landscapes by Leonardo