chapter 24: The West and the World
Studied by 7 people
Learn
Practice Test
Spaced Repetition
Match
Flashcards1/164
There's no tags or description
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
|---|
No study sessions yet.
165 Terms
What was the cause of a “lopsided world” that evolved?
Industrialization: created a rich north and a poor south
note: income graph on page 790
note
what has always stimulated economic development
commerce between nations
what were two ways by which europeans extended their economic systems to the rest of the world
superior military power
peaceful methods
who took the lead in cultivating export markets?
Great Britain
describe Britain’s cotton textiles: its growth
Britain exporting 50% of production
europe bought 50%
India bought 6%
America placed protected tariff barriers to promote domestic industry
Britain manufacturers aggressively sought foreign market
by 1850, india was buying 25%
europe was buying 16%
Indian weavers unemployed
In addition to Britain’s export market, What was britain also?
the world’s largest importers of goods : from repeal of Corn Laws in 1846 to WWI in 1914, Britain remained the World’s largest trader of agricultural products, raw materials, and manufactured goods
International trade grew as what improved?
transportation systems
what revolutionized transportation by sea as well as by land?
the power of steam
the time needed to cross teh atlantic ocean in dropped how?
1870: 3 weeks
1900: 10 days
when did the Suez and Panama Canals open?
1869 and 1914
note: revolution in land and sea transportation encouraged European entrepreneurs to open up and exploit vast new territories
note
Asia, Africa, and Latin America could now ship (list familiar agricultural products) and also (list the unfamiliar agricultural products)
spices, tea, sugar, coffee
2. jute, rubber, cotton, and coconut oil
what were the new communication systems
transoceanic telegraph cables firmly in place by 1880s → rapid communications around the financial centers around the world
which were the principal investing countries
great britain, france, and germany
by WWI, how much money had europeans invested abroad?
more than $40 billion
relationship between poor and wealthy?
great gap in between
where did most of capital exported go?
not Asia and Africa, rather three-quarters of total European investment went to other EUro countries or to settler colonies or “NEO EUROPES “ (coined by Alfred Crosby to describe regions that already had significant populations of ethnic europeans)
these countries included: US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Latin America, and Siberia
where did europe find it’s most profitable opportunities for investments
in the making of railroads, ports, and utilities that were necessary to settle and develop lands in such places as Australia and the Americas
What was the nature of most of this investment
peaceful and mutually beneficial
how was Europe’s interactions with old, densely populated civilizations unlike Australia and the AMericas?
how did this help Europe?
where did this occur?
also profoundly significant
European interaction with such civilizations increased Europeans’ trade profit, and they were prepared to use force, if necessary to attain their desires.
this occured in CHina
What was the nature of Chinese trade with Europe in the early 19th century?
before the 19th cent (and in the 19th cent) China was exporting more goods to EUrope than was the other way around.
trade w/ europe was carefully regulated by the CHinese imperial government - ruled by the qing, or manchu, dynasty in the 1800s
what did the Chinese imperial government require all foreign merchnat s to do?
to live in the southern port of Guangzhou (canton) and to buy and sell only to licensed Chinese merchants
practices considered harmful to chinese interests were strictly forbidden
by 1820’s. what changed in Guangzhou?
the dominant group of these merchants (the british) were flexing their muscles
descibe how the british introduced opium to china
British merchants smuggled opium growing rapidly and legally in British-occupied India into china, where its use and sale were illegal.
huge profits and growing addiction led to a rapid increase in sales
What did the British merchants in china do by 1836?
they aggressively demanded the creation of an independant British colony in China and “safe and unrestricted liberty” in their chinese trade. (They also pressured the British government to take decisive decision and enlist the support of British manufacturers w/ visions of vast chinese markets to be opened to their goods as well
What did the Qing gov decide to do at the same time
decided that the opium trade had to be stamped out : ruining the people and stripping the empire of its silver which went to British merchants to pay for the drug
what did the chinese government begin to do?
vigorously prosecute chinese drug dealers
Who did teh Qing gov send to deal with the crisis?
it sent special envoy Lin Zexu to Guangzhou
what did Lin Zexu do?
Lin Zexu punished chinese who purchased opium and seized the opium supplies of the British merchants tho then withdrew to the barren island of Hong Kong
what did the wealthy, well-connected british merchants do?
they appealed to their allies in london for support ; the british gov responded
what did the british do?
using troops from india & taking advantage of its control, over the seas, britain occupied several coastal cities and in the first of the two OPIUM WARS, forced China to give in to British demands
What was the Treaty of Nanking
imperial gov was required to cede the island of Hong kong to Britain forever
pay up an indemnity of $100 million
open up four large cities to unlimited foreign trade w/ low tariffs
what did hong kong develop rapid ly as?
an Anglo-Chinese enclave ; however disputes between china and teh western powers continued
describe the events of the second opium war:
culminated in the occupation of beijing by seventeen thousand british and french troops, who intentionally burned down the emperor’s summer palace
another round of one-sided treaties gave european merchants and missionaries greater privilages and protection and forced teh chinese to accept trade and investment on unfavorable terms in several more cities
summarize how british blew a hole in china
through using opium addiction and military aggression
was japan good for westerners?
japan had a distinct culture and even less use for westerners
when did european traders and missionaries first arrive in Japan
in the 16th century
how did the japanese view outside influences and foreign culture
what was the order of 1825
1640 japan reacted to european presence
expelled all foreigners and seal off the country from all european influences to preserve the japanese culture and society
200 years later the policy of exclusion was still in effect
an order of 1825 commanded japanese officials to “drive away foreign vessels without second thought”
what did americans beleiev about the japanses isolation
thought it was barbaric
americans thought the pacific was their duty
to the americans it seemed the duty of the united states was to force the japanese to open their ports and behave like a “civilized” nation
after several unsuccessful attempts to establish and commercial japan, what did Commodore Matthew Perry do?
he steamed into Edo (now tokyo) Bay in 1853
relying on gunboat diplomacy (by threatening to attack), he demanded diplomatic negotiations w/ the emperor
japan entered a grave crisis: japanese military leaders urged resistance but senior officials realized how defenseless their cities were against naval bombardment
socked and humiliated, they signed a treaty w/ the United states that opened two ports and permitted trade
over the next 5 years, more treaties spelled out the rights and privileges of the western nations and their merchants in japan
what did french armies do in 1798 (egypt)
Napoleon invaded the egyptian part of the ottoman empire and occupied the territory for three years
who took Napoleon’s place of power in Egypt?
what did this person do?
An albanian-born turkish speaking general, muhammad ali
he was first appointed governor of Egypt but the sultan in 1805
began to build his own state on strength of a large, powerful army organized along EUropean lines
he drafted for the first time the illiterate peasant masses of egypt and he hired French and Italian army officers to train both these raw recruits and their turkish officers in modern military methods
he also reformed the gov, cultivated new lands, and improved communication networks
what had muhammad ali established in Europe by the end of his reign?
established a strong and virtually independent Egyptian state, to be ruled by his family on a hereditary basis within the Ottoman Empire
What was another things that M. ali’s modernization program do?
it attracted large numbers of europeans to the banks of the Nile
The Port City of Alexandria had more than 50,000 Europeans by 1864
how did Muhammad ali pay for his ambitions plans
he encouraged the development of commercial agriculture - egyptian peasants were poor but self-sufficient
how did muhammad create an export agricultural industry as well
high ranking officials and muhammad’s family began carving out large private landholdings
these new landlords made the peasants their tenants and forced them to grow cash crops such as cotton and rice geared to European markets
Who was Ismail and what did he do?
muhammad ali’s grandson
began his 16-year rule in 1863 as egypt’s khedive (prince)
was a westernizing autocrat (was educated at France’s leading military academy)
promoted large irrigation networks → boosted cotton production and exports to europe
w/ his support a French company completed the suez canal in 1869
Arabic replaced Turkish as national language
Ismail said “My country is no longer part of Africa, we now form part of EUrope”
what was a bad trait of Ismail
he was too impatient and reckless:
projects were enormous and expensive
by 1876 Egypt owed foreign bondholders a colossal debt that it could not pay
France and British intervened and forced Ismail to appoint french and british commisioners to ensure payment of teh Egyptian debt in full
what type of reaction did foreign financial control evoke in Egyptians
a violent nationalistic reaction
in 1879, under the leadership of Colonel Ahmed Arabi, they formed the Egyptian Nationalist Party
continueing diplomatic pressure on the government, which forced Ismail to abdicate in favor of his weak son, Tewfiq, resulted in bloody anti-european riots in Alexandria in 1882
many europeans killed and Tewfiq and court had to flee to British ships for safety
more riots when british fleet bombarded Alexandria
Colonel Arabi led a revolt
british said occupation was temporary but they stayed in egypt until 1956
british rule resulted in tax reforms and somewhat better conditions for the peasants
migration meaning
human movement
emigration meaning
refers to people leaving one country for anotheer
immigrants
refers to people entering one country from another
in the early 18th century, European population growth entered what?
entered its third and decisive stage which continued unabated until the early twentieth century
birthrates (increased/decreased) & deathrates (increased/decreased)
decreased
decreased
why did deathrates decrease?
b/c of higher standards of living and the revolution in public health
European population was growing the quickest: what percent if the world’s population was europe in 1800 and at the eve of world war I
1800: 24% of world’s population
Eve of WWI: 38% of world’s population
what the growing european population drive more Europeans to do?
emigrate
in most countries, when did emigration increase?
20 years after a rapid growth in population
three facts of people who emigrated
number of men and women who left Europe increased rapidly at the end of the 19th century leading up to world war 1
different countries had very different patterns of migration
althought US did absorb the largest overall number of European emigrants, fewer than half of all these emigrants went to the United states
what was the usual emigrant?
energetic small farmer of skilled artisan
Where did a lot of people in europe actually go?
many also stayed in europe, simply migrating
what was usual migration patterns:
JEWS AND IRISH:
RUSSIANS AND POLES:
SPANIARDS, PORTUGUESE AND ITALIANS
gREAT BRITAIN
GERMANY
FRNACE
was migration always a once and for all departure
no, not always; it depended
what was another thing that played a crucial role in the emigrating process?
ties of family and friendship page 799
for many, emigration was a radical way to _________
what is a piece of evidence that backs this up?
attain human rights
emigration rates slowed in countries where people won basic political and social reforms, such as the right to vote, equality before the law, and social security
not all emigration was from Europe; where were other places (asian countries) from where asians emigrated
Chinese, japanese, indians and filipinos (only some of the groups)
how many asians moved abroad before 1920?
at least 3 million
what did the spanish government do in the 1840s?
actively recruited Chinese laborers to meet the strong demand for field hands in Cuba : the majority spent their lives as virtual slaves
what would have made emigration from asia greater
if planters and mine owners in search of cheap labor had been able to hire as many asian workers as they wished ; they could not
many asians fled the plantatio ns and gold mines as soon as possible- seeking greater opportuinties in trade and towns → there, they came into conflict w/ local populations
when asians and Europeans came in conflict of work with each other, european settlers demanded what?
a halt to Asian immigration
by 1880’s Austrailin and american governments had instituted exclusionary acts. What did these do?
they were discriminatory laws designed to keep asians from entering the country
the explosion of the mass mobility, the growing appeal pof nationalism., and scienific racism encouraged what?
all encouraged a variety of attempts to control immigration flows and seal of national borders
what were some strict rules national governments established strickt rules from granting citizenship and asylum to foreigners
passports and customs posts monitored movemnet across increasingly tight national boundaries
what was nativism
Policies and believes, often influenced by nationalism, scientific racism, and mass migration, that give preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants
what was a crucial factor in migration in 1914
immigration policies that offered preffered status to “acceptable” racial and ethinic groups in the open lands of possible permanent settlement
what were incomes like for people in Austrailia and Canada, and the US
incomes highest in listed 3 countries
new imperialism ??
the late-19th century drive by European countries to create vast and political empires abroad
Afrikaners
[descendants of Dutch settlers in Cape Colony] proclaimed their independence and defended it against British armies
What had these people (The Afrikaners) done by 1880
by 1880 Afrikanar and British settlers , who detested each other and lived in seperate areas, ha dwrested control of much of SOuth Africa from the Zulu, Xhosa, and other African Peoples
how dd they continuet o live there?
French, British, & portuguese
french in the north, british Afrikaners in the south
portuguese: trading posts and forst dotted along the coast of west africa remained from even times like the age of discovery and the slave trade dotted the coast of West Africa . Portuguese also maintained loose control over theire old possessionsin Angola and Mozambique
what changed after 1880?
European countries jockeyes for territory in Africa, breaking sharply with previous patterns of colonization and diplomacy
which countries scrambled for Africa between 1880 and 1900
Britain
France
Germany
Belgium
Italy
what was the state of Africa by 1900
by 1900 nearly the whole continent had been carved up and placed under europen rule
which were the only two countries that remained independent in AfricA
Ethiopia: fought off italian invaders
Liberia: been settled by freed slaves from the US
how did the dutch settler republics also succumb to imperialism: what was the final outcome
describe
the british led by Cecil Rhodes in the Cape Colony leapfrogged over two Africakaner states-n the orange free state and the Transvaal
this was all done in the early 1890’s and he also established protectorates over:
Bechuana -land (now Botswana)
and Rhodesia (now Zimabwe and Zambia)
although the british were unable to subdue the afrikaners, English-speaking capitalists like Rhodes developed fabulously rich gold mines in the Transvaal and the british eventually conquered their white rivals in the bloody _____________ War or _____ War.
south african war
boer war
what happned to afrikaner territories
in 1910, afrikaners territories were unlimited with the old Cape Colony and the eastern province of Natal in a Union of south Africa established as a largely “self-governing”colony.
who was king Leopold II
of belgium
monarch of tiny country who wanted to rule distant lands
in 1861 he laid out his vision of expansion
by 1876 Leopold’s expansionism focused on central Africa
formed a financial syndicate under his personal control
who was Henry M Stanley
sent by king leopold
to explore the Congo basin
sensation-seeking journalist and part-time explorer
established trading stations, signed unfair treaties w/ african chiefs, and planted the belgium flag
how did the other countries react to leopold’s behavior
France was alarmed by leopold’s actions and they quickly sent out an expedition under Pierre de Brazza
What did Brazza do in 1880
he signed a treaty of protection w/ the chief of the large Teke tribe and began to establish a French protectorate on the north bank of the Congo River
What did leopold’s intrusion into the Congo area call attention for?
It called attention to the possibilities of African colonization. By 1882 Europe had caught “African Fever”
Gold rush mentality
WHat did europe do to lay down some basic rules for this new and dangerous global competition?
jules Ferry of France and Otto von Bismarck of Germany arranged an international conference on Africa in Berlin in 1884 and 1885
BERLIN CONFERENCE
what didb teh Berlin conference establish would be a european claim to territory on a ground?
they established the principle that European claims to African territory had to rest on “effective occupation” ( a strong presence on the ground) to be recognized by other states
the conference recognized leopold’s personal rule over a neutral congo Free State and agreed to work to stop slavery and the slave trade in Africa
What did the Berlin Conference coincide with
Germany’s sudden emergence as an imperial power
what suddenly changed about Bismarck in 1884
before, he didnt see muchb value in colonies but in 1884, he turned around and germnay established protectorates over a small number of African kingdoms and tribes
Where were these kingdoms and tribes
Togo, Cameroons region, southwest Africa, (later) East Africa
how did Bismack cooperate against the british
w/ France’s Jules Ferry (an ardent republican who also embraced imperialism)
describe the events of war and battles in africa with the british french and germans
french
(w/ bismarck’s approval) the french pressed southward from algeria, eastward from their old forts on the Senegal coast, and northward from their protectorate on the Congo RIver → to take control of parts of West and Central Africa
British
the british began enlarging their own West African enclaves and impatiently pushed northward from the Cape colony and westward from Zanzibar
their thrust southward from egypt was blocked in sudan by fiercely independent Muslims wjok massacred a British force at khartoum in 1885
decade later (under general Horatio H. Kitchener, moved cautiously and sucessfuly up the nile river building a railroad to supply arms and reinforcements as it went
in 1898 these british troops met their foe at Omdurman where poorly armed Sudanese Musin troops charged time and time again only to be cut down by the recently invented Maxim machine gun
both:
met at villiage of fashoda
two great powers would be at war
frnace locked in dreyfus affair didn’t want to fight
france had tried to be the first to one of the last unclaimed areas of Africa
Frenace withdrew and Britain took the land