The Protestant Reformation+Religion in the 16th Century

When did the protestant reformation begin

1517

Who started the protestant reformation

martin Luther

Name of the popular religion before the reformation

Roman Catholicism or the “church”

Catholic means

universal

Purpose of the 7 sacraments

to take time off of purgatory, get to heaven, and live a faith filled life in the footprints of Jesus

7 sacraments

1. baptism

2. conformation

3. communion/eucharist

4. pennacne

5. Marriage

6. Anointing the sick

7. ordination (priests)

Pope Leo X

known for his patronage of the arts and lavish lifestyle+painted a kid gold and killed him; issued a papal bull (edict) that denounced Lutheranism and the reformation as a whole

Why did the church grant indulgences

to pay for St. Peters Basicllica

indulgence

piece of paper that gives you time off of purgatory

purgatory

a cleansing needed before going to heaven; explaining your sins; suffering

Johann Tetzel

seller of indulgences

95 thesis

Luther wrote them to explain why the catholic church was corrupt

Protestant reformation

reforming the Roman catholic church (protest reform)

1450

Northern Renaissance begins

Christian/Northern Renaissance Humanism

reform Christianity; christian antiquity; reason+improve with God

Desiderius Erasmus

Christian humanist; formulated+popularized the reform (erasmus walked so luther could run)

-” philosophy of Christ” christianity should be in all aspects of daily life

-inner piety not external sacraments

-understanding

-education

-criticize church

Pope Urban VI (the 6th)

papacy was marked by conflicts and controversies, including the Western Schism, which divided the Catholic Church; strict and uncompromising approach to reforming the Church

Elected by Italian Cardinals

Clement VII (the 7th)

Elected by French Cardinals

patron of the arts, would not grant Henery VIII his annulment

result of Urban vs. Clement

two colleges of cardinals, European instability and lack of unity, trust in church is diminished

Council of Constance

Urban vs. Clement → Martin V is the new pope

thought everyone could just compromise with one pope

Conciliarism

a general council of the church has greater authority than the pope and may, if necessary, depose him (ex: council of constatnce) a key demonstration of papal decline

Council of Basel

25 year long struggle between the papacy and council leading to a lot of corruption

Some reasons the Church was so corrupt

Pluralism, Absenteeism, Simony, Indulgences, Nepotism, Clerical Ignorance, Moral decline

Pluralism

church workers had more than one job

Absenteeism

clergy ignored their duties

Simony

buying a position in the church/heaven

Neoptism

family privilege

Clerical Ignorance

didn’t know how to do their job (ex: being an illiterate pope)

Moral decline

not leading Godly lives

John Wycliffe

-spoke about church corruption+hypocrisy

-English translation of the Bible

-aristocratic support (lost after a failed uprising)

-didn’t care about the sacraments

Lollards

followers of John Wycliffe; denounced the church

Jan Hus

-everyone should get to participate in the Eucharist

-aristocratic support

-executed without a hearing

-succesful revolts in Bohemia (where he was from)

Hussites

Hus’s followers; after his death they negotiated Eucharist for everyone in Bohemia

Justification by faith

good works can only get you so far; you need faith

Did Luther see himself as a revolutionary?

no

1521 Luther is…

Excommunicated from the church

Excommunicated

kicked out of the church → kicked out of heave

Peasants War

the Germanic people revolted agains the catholic church on behalf of luther. he rejected them and asked the princes to end the revolt→ the princes liked and trusted luther

Why did luther not like religious wars?

he was anti-violence (as per the scriptures)

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor; had power over most of Europe

By the time _______ got to Germany _______ had already spread and it was too late to covert them back to Catholicism

Charles V; Lutheranism

Peace of Augusburg

-a truce between Germany and the HRE (holy roman empire)

-princes choose religion

-stunted German unity+nationalism

Artwork done by the church/luther

The church depicted luther as satan →Luther depicted the church as the anti-Christ

papal states

pope run Italian state

Why did the church not want an English translation of the bible

Because they would loose control over people, become irrelevant, and be exposed (ex: they translated “be repentant” to “do penance” to make it align with the sacraments)

How did the 95 thesis spread

Printing press

Luthers other 3 Pamphlets+what they were about

1. address to the Christian nobility of the german nation (reform)

2. Babylon Captivity of the Church (sacraments)

3. Freedom of a christian (salvation by faith)

Diet of worms

council meeting held to investigate Luther, they asked him if he believed his view (of course he did) then he was granted a few days to decide to denounce them (he did not), then he was kidnapped/helped by a follower of his on the council, translated the NT, and was set free once it was safe

Luther believed _____ was spiritually equal

everyone (peasant=pope)

Luther thought clergy should be able to ______

marry

Luther refused the authority of the _____

Pope

Luther wanted _____ and worship to be done in vernacular language.

mass

Luther pre-reform

monk+professor at the university of wittenburg

why did luther think faith+good works wasnt going to get you salvation

he thought that man was too weak compared to God for our good works to even matter

Bible

chief guide to religious truth

How many copies of the 95 thesis were spread

1,000’s (kind of hard to get a good number because of age, people burning/ripping them, etc)

Luther relied on the ________ _________ to grow his church

german states (300+)

in the German states the Lutheran church was implemented to _________ the regular church

supervise

Most of south germany remains _______ due to their close proximity to italy (the pope)

Catholic

Katherina von Bora

Luthers wife, an ex-nun

their marriage became the model for protestant marriages

Even though the Peace of Augsburg allowed for the German states to choose religion, the _____ could not choose their religion, it was all based off of what their ruler choose

people

Ulrich Zwingli

1518- Great minister of Zurich, Switzerland

Agreed a lot with Luther but disagreed on the Eucharist, he thought it was metaphorical and Luther thought it was literal

Zwinglism

1523-Zwingli vs. Catholic church

Zwingli wins and in Zurich…

-relics+images were abolished

-paintings+decorations in churches → white walls

-mass → prayer, reading, sermon (all in the vernacular)

-monasticism, pilgrimage, vernation of saints, clerical celibacy, and the pope’s authority were all abolished

The Marburg Colloquy

the meeting between zwingli and luther to decide on the eucharist being literal or metaphorical

Result: came to no agreement

October 1531-Swiss protestant and catholic states start a civil war

Zwingli is found wounded and the Catholics kill → cut → burn → scatter his ashes

Result: John Calvin takes over the swiss protestant movement

John Calvin

born in France, fled to Switzerland because of persecution for his protestant views; took over swiss protestant movement after Zwingli’s death

Calvin believed in absolute sovereignty of God or…

Predestination

Predestination

Certain people are chosen to be saved (the elect) and others are chosen to be damned (the reprobate)

what some people did not get was that he also said there was not certainty of salvation for the elect

Calvinism

Zwinglism+Predestination

Church in Geneva

cerlgy+laymen+the consistory= the fortress of the reformation

the consistory

a council that tried people for committing certain crimes/sins

The best missionaries in Geneva were sent…

all over the world

Calvinism spread to…

France (ironic because he had to flee from there), the Netherlands, Scotland, Central and Eastern Europe

3 main beliefs

1. scripture alone

2. faith alone

3. Priesthood of all believers

Why is Protestantism divided into different sectors

Because the Bible is very ambiguous and people can interpret it in many different ways

Anabaptists

“re-baptize” you need to be baptized as a adult as a true sign of faith+understanding

*it was common for people to be baptized as infants

the anabaptists were essentially ________ to all, catholic and protestant

pariahs, outcasts, etc.

What american groups come from the anabaptists

amish, mennonites

Why did King Henry VIII (the 8th) break from the church

he wanted an annulment and they would not give it to him

why did henry VIII want an annulment

Catherine of Aragon (his first wife) could not produce a male heir, he didnt like her too much anymore, and he liked Ann Boleyn now

Catholic Europe=

Spain, France, South Germany, and Italy

How many wives did king henry have

6

Names of king henry VIII’s wives+cause of seperation

Catherine of Aragon-Divorced

Ann Boleyn-Beheaded

Jane Seymour-Died

Anne of Cleves-Divorced

Katherine Howard-Beheaded

Catherine Parr-Died

Name of English Church

Anglican church

The protestant reformation caused a lot of…

violence

Lutheranism=

Germany+Scandinavia

Calvinism=

Scotland, Switzerland, France, Netherlands, Eastern Europe

Anglican=

England

Protestants were a _____, but still a threat to the catholic church

minority

Catholic reformation

RESPONSE TO THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

-preaching to lay people

-oratory of divine love

-clergymen reform

-charity reform

-Cardinal Ximenes: Christian humanist, Spanish reform; best of medieval catholism and made adjustments

-new mysticism

Jesuits

Society of Jesus, adopted by the pope and basically did whatever he wanted; spread Catholicism east

Ignatius of Loyola

spanish nobleman, founder of Jesuits, recognized by pope in 1540

Francis Xavier

Jesuit who brought Catholicism to India, Malacca, the Moluccas, and Japan, died before China

*he spoke very highly of the Japanese → European curiosity

Matteo Ricci

Italian Jesuit who brought Catholicism to China

-he compared it to Confucianism to make it more familiar to them

*he spoke very highly of the Chinese → European curiosity

Jesuits also restored parts of ______ and ______ to Catholicism

Germany and Eastern Europe

Poland almost fully restored to Catholicism because of the…

Jesuits

Reformed Papacy

fixing the corruption from the renaissance

Pope Paul III

-reform; blamed the popes+cardinals for corruption

-council of trent

-recognized the Jesuits

Council of Trent

meet three times a year for 7 years at the border of Germany and Italy to discuss important catholic topics

Result: Unified the Roman Catholic Church

What did the coucil of trent reaffirm

-traditional catholic teachings

-scripture=tradition

-only the church interprets scripture

-faith+good works=salvation

-purgatory+indulgences