Unit 6 EOC HOA

bank failure

When a bank closes because it cannot meet its obligations to depositors or creditors, often due to too many withdrawals at once or poor investments.

Bank Holiday

A temporary closure of all banks, declared by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in March 1933, to stop bank runs and allow time to restore confidence in the banking system.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929, the day the stock market crashed, marking the start of the Great Depression.

Bonus Army

A group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 demanding early payment of promised military bonuses.

Brain Trust

A group of advisors, including lawyers, professors, and economists, who helped Franklin D. Roosevelt develop New Deal policies.

buying on margin

Purchasing stocks by paying only a small percentage of the price and borrowing the rest, a risky practice that contributed to the stock market crash.

court packing

Roosevelt’s controversial 1937 plan to add more justices to the U.S. Supreme Court in order to secure favorable rulings for New Deal legislation.

deficit spending

When a government spends more money than it collects in revenue, usually by borrowing, to stimulate the economy.

deportation

Forcing someone to leave a country, often used during the 1930s against Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans.

Dust Bowl

Severe drought and dust storms during the 1930s that devastated farms in the Great Plains, forcing many families to migrate.

fireside chats

Radio broadcasts in which President Roosevelt spoke directly to the American people to explain policies and calm fears during the Depression.

First Hundred Days

The beginning of Roosevelt’s presidency in 1933, when Congress passed a record number of New Deal laws to address the Great Depression.

Great Depression

The severe worldwide economic downturn that began with the stock market crash of 1929 and lasted through the 1930s.

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns built by homeless people during the Great Depression, named sarcastically after President Herbert Hoover, who was blamed for the crisis.

monetary policy

The actions a government or central bank (like the Federal Reserve) takes to control the supply of money and interest rates in the economy.

New Deal

A series of programs and reforms launched by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s to provide relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression.

Okies

Migrant farmers, often from Oklahoma, who moved west (especially to California) during the Dust Bowl in search of work.

overproduction

When farms or factories produce more goods than people can afford to buy, leading to falling prices and economic slowdown.

overspeculation

Excessive, risky investment in stocks or land with the hope of making quick profits, which helped cause the stock market crash.

repatriation

The process of sending people back to their country of origin; during the 1930s, many Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans were forced or pressured to return to Mexico.

tariff

A tax on imported goods; tariffs during the Depression (like the Smoot-Hawley Tariff) worsened the economic crisis by reducing international trade.

stock market

A system where shares of companies are bought and sold; its collapse in 1929 triggered the Great Depression.