Chapter 17 - Infants, Children, and Adolescents

Proper nutrition is critical in infancy to support:

• rapid growth.

• development.

The reflex that enables an infant's tongue to thrust forward when a semisolid object is placed in its mouth is the ______ reflex.

extrusion

Choose the milestone activities that occur within the first six months of life

• Holds head up without support

• Grasps objects with palms of hands

• Sits with back support

Why do infants require more energy per pound body weight than both young and older adults?

Infants require more energy per pound body weight in order to support their rapid pace of growth and development.

Choose the true statements about nutrient requirements in infancy.

• An infant's AI for protein is 1.5 g/kg body weight.

• Protein is critical for an infant's growth and development.

Infancy is a period of rapid growth and development that extends from birth to ______ months of age.

12

The high amount of fat in human breast milk provides:

• a concentrated source of energy.

• essential fatty acids.

The reflex that enables an infant to turn its head and open its mouth if its cheek is stroked is the __ reflex.

rooting

Lactose is the main ______ in an infant's diet.

carbohydrate

Choose the statements about human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) that are true.

• Reduce intestinal infections during infancy

• Act as natural prebiotics

• Complex, chemically unique sugar molecules

Infants require the same amount of energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients per pound body weight as older adults.

False

Unless infants are consuming at least 27 ounces of fortified commercial formula daily, they need a supplement of vitamin __ until they reach one year of age.

D

An infant's protein need during the first 6 months of life is approximately______ g/kg body weight.

1.5

Babies that have been breastfed for at least 4 months have a lower risk of:

ear infections.

gastrointestinal infections.

respiratory infections.

More than ______ of the calories in mature human milk are from fat.

55%

Cow's milk is not recommended for infants because the ______ is more than the kidneys can excrete.

sodium

What is the simple carbohydrate in human breast milk?

lactose

Which of the following are components of breast milk that are not found in infant formula?

• Hormones

• Enzymes

• Antibodies

A component of human milk that prevents pathogen colonization and promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine are called __ __ __ (HMOs).

human milk oligosaccharides

Breastfed babies are less likely to develop:

• childhood asthma and allergies.

• type 1 diabetes.

• obesity.

• leukemia.

Cow's milk is not recommended for infants because it does not provide enough ______ to meet infant needs.

• vitamin E

• iron

• vitamin C

A component of breast milk not found in infant formula is ______.

growth factors

Iron supplementation is recommended ______ babies.

only for formula-fed

What is the term used to describe the gradual process of shifting an infant from breastfeeding or bottle-feeding to drinking from a cup and eating solid foods?

Weaning

Choose the difference in infants fed with formula and infants that are breastfed.

• Breastfed infants have lower levels of insulin, amino acids, and blood urea nitrogen.

• Formula-fed infants have more body fat than breastfed infants.

• The gut microbiota is significantly different between formula-fed infants and breastfed infants.

What is a sign that an infant is ready for foods in addition to breast milk or formula?

No longer has the extrusion reflex

Breast fed infants do not need iron supplementation because the iron in breast milk is better absorbed.

True

What do the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend about introducing peanut-containing foods to prevent peanut allergies in children?

Introduce these foods to infants during weaning

Fine motor skills involve the ability to control the movements of the ______.

fingers

According to the American Association of Pediatrics, babies should not be given fruit juice before ______ months of age.

12

Choose the signs that an infant is ready for complementary foods.

• Can sit with some back support

• Opens his or her mouth when he or she sees food

• Is able to hold his or her head up steady and straight

Which are foods that you should not feed an infant?

• Honey

• Goat's milk

• Caffeinated soft drinks

What are two indicators routinely checked at medical checkups as an important indicator of a youngster's health?

• Height

• Weight

According to the 2020-2024 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, peanut-containing foods should not be introduced until a child is at least 1 year of age.

False

Learning to walk and run are examples of motor skills and picking up Cheerios from a plate is an example of a(n) __ motor skill.

• Field 1: gross

• Field 2: fine

The number of calories that a child needs varies based on:

• physical activity.

• body size.

• gender.

Giving babies fruit juice before 12 months of age is not recommended because fruit juice may:

• contribute to the development of dental caries.

• cause diarrhea, gas, or abdominal pain.

According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), preschool-age children ate a considerable amount of their total carbohydrate in the form of ______.

sugar

Spores of Clostridium botulinum can be found in the sweetener __, which should not be given to children under one year of age.

• honey

Choose the best food choices for toddlers and preschool-age children to consume to get adequate vitamin D.

• Fortified cow’s milk

• Orange juice

What are common nutrition-related problems that affect preschool children?

• Too little potassium

• Too much sodium

• Dental caries

What are the services offered by the Special Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)?

• Nutrition education

• Basic health care services

• Supplemental foods

Preschool-age children ate a considerable amount of their total carbohydrate in the form of __, according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

sugar

The period in which a child becomes capable of reproduction is the __ life stage.

adolescence

Choose good food choices for toddlers and preschool-age children to consume to get adequate iron.

• Meat and poultry

• Fish

• Eggs

Inadequate calorie and protein intake is a common food-related problem that affects children.

False

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for Women, Infants, and Children is commonly known as ______.

WIC

Adult height is reached when the __ __ near the ends of the long bones close.

Field 1: growth

Field 2: plate

Which life stage ends with the individual reaching adulthood?

Adolescence

When are eating disorders most likely to occur?

Adolescence

The three bone developing vitamins for which adolescents have an increased need but often have an intake lower than the DRI are __ __ __.

• Field 1: vitamin A

• Field 2: vitamin D

• Field 3: vitamin K

Adult height is reached when the ______.

epiphyseal plates close

Girls are placed at an increased risk of developing osteoporosis later in life as the result of a low __ intake during adolescence.

calcium

Which habit practiced during pregnancy is associated with the development of obesity during childhood?

Smoking

As a strategy to prevent obesity in children, consumption of __ and __ foods, such as fruits, vegetables and fermented foods, should be encouraged to promote proper colonization of a child's gut.

• Field 1: prebiotic

• Field 2: probiotic

Adolescents who have a low calcium intake are at increased risk of developing ______ later in life.

osteoporosis