Switzerland, Israel, Russia, China, France, EU: Articles and dates

Switzerland: Main purpose is canton autonomy

Article 1

Switzerland: Protect the cohesion and diversity

Article 2

Switzerland: The Cantons are sovereign insofar as their sovereignty is not limited by the Federal Constitution

Article 3

Switzerland: Protection of culture and languages

Article 4

Switzerland: Federalism by subsidiary principle — The Cantons decide on the duties that they must fulfil within the scope of their powers.

Article 43(a)

Switzerland: Confederation should give cantons sufficient tasks

Article 47

Switzerland: People can sponteneously issue a total constitutional revision

Article 138

Switzerland: People can spontaneously issue a partial constitutional revision — amendment

Article 139

Switzerland: The Federal Assembly elects the members of the Federal Council, the Federal Chancellor, the judges of the Federal Supreme Court

Article 168

Switzerland: The Federal Assembly oversees the Federal Council, Federal administration and Federal Courts

Article 169

Switzerland: The Federal Council is to be composed of 7 members, the comoposition is to ensure appropriate representation of various geographical and language regions

Article 175

Switzerland: The Federal Council reaches its decisions as a Collegial Body #Conventionally, this means that there is no disagreement, but this no longer works

Article 177

Switzerland: Total revision and partial revision of the constitution declared possible at any time

Article 192

Switzerland: Total revision of the constution regulated

Article 193

Switzerland: Patrial revision(amendment) of the constitution regulated

Article 194

Israel: Israel declared a Jewish and Democratic state(Amendment)

The Knesset, Amendment 9(1-2)

Israel: The Knesset not to be amended by any other regulation

The Knesset, Article 44

Israel: Article 44 or 45 Can only be modified by 80/120 in Knesset

The Knesset, Article 45

Israel: The Knesset can only be amended by 61/120 in Knesset

The Knesset, Article 4

Israel: Israel is the Nation-State of the Jewish people

The Nation-State, Article 1

Israel: Unified Jerusalem as the capital of Israel

The Nation-State, Article 3

Israel: Main points of the Judicial Reform of 2023

Judicial selection, judicial review, Knesset override, Legal advice, Reasonableness

Israel: Which part of the Judicial Reform of 2023 passed and when?

Reasonableness, July 24, 2023

Russia: President of the Russian Federation

Article 80

Russia: President’s terms

Article 81

Russia: President appoints the Government cabinet

Article 83

Russia: President can announce referendums

Article 84

Russia: In case of disagreement on appointments, President can dissolve the Parliament, appointing his own head of government

Article 111.4

Russia: President can dissolve the Parliament if he wants to

Article 117.3

Russia: Duma can override decisions of Federation Council(Senate) if 2/3 pass in Duma

Article 105

Russia: Presidential Impeachement by Duma

Article 93

Russia: Federal division of the country, Republics, Oblasts, etc.

Article 71

China: Democratic centralism(Hierarchy in a Pyramid)

Article 3

China: National Congress(representation of People) is the highest source of Power in china

Article 57

China: Constitutional review is done by the legislative power

Artice 62.2

China: List of human rights #Courts can’t really apply them

Article 13

China: Central power can check local authorities(administrations)

Article 90.2

China: Personal freedom declared a right

Article 37

EU: Joining the European Union

Article 49

EU: Withdrawal from the EU

Article 50

EU: Functions of the European Parliament(legislative/budget)

Article 14

EU: European comission, promoting “general interest” of the EU

Article 17

EU: The Council of Europe(what does, how assembled, how votes)

Article 16(1-3)

EU: European Parliament Elections

Article 19

France: Law in 1790 that severely limited what judges can do — beginning of a tendency of mistrust towards judicial power in France

Law of 16 and 24 of August

France: Establishment of the Constitutional Commitee(year)

1946

France: Constitutional Committee can review bills if asked to do so by President or PM

1958

France: Constitutional Committee can review bills if asked to do so by 60 representatives from the National Assembly or from the Senate(year)

1974

France: Constitutional Committee can strike down a law before it is accepted(date of the reform)

July 23, 2008

France: Constitutional amendments(very hard to do)

Article 90

France: Presidential powers, some have to have the agreement of the PM to be executed

Article 19

France: The President is not accountable for his decisions, almost impossible to remove from office(two articles)

Articles 67-68

France: Power vests in the people(important for the concept of “the people” established

Article 3

France: Sick Abby Lincoln quote

Article 2

France: “The people” exercise their sovereignty through representatives or direct referendum

Article 3

France: Functions of the Parliament

Article 24

France: Both PMs and MPs can initiate legislation

Article 39

France: MPs can’t pass bills if they increase spending or reduce welfare #Important for the pension bill

Article 40

France: Pour tuer la democratie — PM can pass a finance/social security bill, bypassing the Parliament, and putting it onto a referendum

Article 49.3

France: Constitutional Council established

Article 56

France: Presidential Emergency Powers(more limited than Brazil, still somewhat OP)

Article 16