FUNDA WEEK 3

FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH AND ILLNESS (WHO)

Social and Economic environment

Physical environment

Person’s Individual Characteristics and Behaviors

Social Determinants of Health

Income and Social status

Education

Social Support Networks

Culture

Health Services

Physical Environment

Safe water and clean air

Employment and working conditions

Person’s Individual Characteristics

Genetics

Personal Behavior and coping skills

Gender

Income and Social Status

higher income and social status are linked to better health.

Education

low education levels are linked with poor health, more stress and lower self-confidence.

Social Support Networks

greater support from families, friends and communities is linked to better health.

Culture

customs and traditions, and the beliefs of the family and community all affect health.

Health Services

access and use of services that prevent and treat disease influences health.

Safe water and clean air

healthy workplaces, safe houses, communities and roads all contribute to good health

Employment and Working Conditions

people in employment are healthier, particularly those who have more control over their working conditions.

Gender

men and women suffer from different types of diseases at different ages

Stages of Health-Seeking Behavior by IGUN

➢     Stage 1 : Symptom Experiences

➢     Stage 2 : Self-treatment or Self-medication

➢     Stage 3 : Communication to Others

➢     Stage 4 : Assessment of Symptoms

➢     Stage 5 : Sick-role Assumption

➢     Stage 6 : Concern

➢     Stage 7 : Efficacy of treatment

➢     Stage 8 : Selection of treatment

➢     Stage 9 : Treatment

➢     Stage 10 : Assessment of Effectiveness of Treatment

➢     Stage 11 : Recovery and Rehabilitation

Health Care System

the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs target populations.

Health Care Delivery System (HDS)

described as the organized response of a society to the health problems of its population (Van der Zee et al., 2004).

Levels of Prevention

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary

Primary

○      Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Immunization/Vaccination, Smoking cessation, Teaching

Secondary

○      Diagnosis and Early Treatment

■      Screenings such as Mammograms, PAP tests, Mantoux

■      Lifestyle changes to prevent disease, ex. Low cholesterol diet, start a physical activity program, Medications

Tertiary

○      Rehabilitation, Health restoration & Palliative Care

■      Rehabilitation after a Stroke Injury.

■      Comfort care for the terminally ill (Berman et al)

Cost

has been  a  driving  force  for  change  in  the  health  care  system  as  evidenced by  the  strength  and  numbers  of managed  care  plans,  increased  use  of  outpatient treatment, and shortened hospital stays (Bodenheimer, 2005)

Access

to health  care  services has  a  serious  impact  on  the  functioning  of the health  care  system.  As  a  result  of  the  cost,  health  care  for many  people  is crisis-oriented  and  fragmented.

Safety and Quality

are  frequently  compromised  by  inappropriate substitution of unqualified personnel for registered nurses in direct care of clients.

Factors Influencing the Delivery of Healthcare

Cost

Access

Safety and Quality

Profession

Approaches to defining a profession

➢     a type of occupation that meets certain criteria that raise it to a level above that of an occupation

Job

a group of positions that are similar in nature & level of skill that can be carried out by one or more individuals.

Occupation

a group of jobs that are similar in type of work and that are usually found throughout an industry or work environment.

Criteria of a Profession

1. Body of Knowledge

2. Ongoing Research

3. Service Orientation

4. Specialized Education

5. Code of Ethics

6. Autonomy

7. Professional Organization

➢     Note: All professions are occupations but not all occupations are professions.

Professionalism

➢     set of attributes, a way of life that implies responsibility and commitment.

Professionalization

process of acquiring characteristics of  professional

Nurse must

1.     have a Bachelor of Science degree in Nursing

2.     have a license to practice nursing in the country

3.     be physically and mentally fit

Personal Qualities and Professional Proficiencies of a Nurse

1. Has interest & willingness to work & learn with individuals/ groups in a variety of settings

2. Has a warm personality, a well-balanced emotional condition & concern for people

3. Is resourceful & creative

4. Has the capacity & ability to work cooperatively with others

5. Has the initiative to improve self & Service

6. Has competence in performing work through the use of the nursing process

7. Has the skill in decision-making, communicating, and relating to others

8. Must be research- oriented

9. Does active participation in issues confronting nurses & the nursing profession

Caregiver Role

Responsible for the holistic care of patients, which encompasses the psychosocial, developmental, cultural, and spiritual needs of the individual.

Clinical Decision Maker

➢     Utilizes critical thinking skills and the nursing process

➢     Nursing Process: Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation

Rehabilitator Role

➢     Assist client to return to optimal level of functioning

➢     Nurse helps client to adapt physically and emotionally to changes in lifestyle, body image

Client Advocate

➢     Nurse protects the clients human and legal rights

➢     Providing information to assist in decision making

➢     Nurse considers Patient’s Bill of Rights

Comforter Role

➢     Caring for client as a human being

➢     Role is traditional to nursing

➢     Care is directed to the whole person, not just a body part

➢     Demonstration of care and concern

Communicator Role

➢     Role is central to all other roles

➢     Involves communication with client, family, healthcare team members, resource people, and the community

➢     Without clear, concise communication it will be difficult to give effective care

Teacher/Educator Role

➢     Explains concepts and facts about health, demonstrates procedures, reinforces learning, determines understanding, and evaluates progress of learning

➢     Unplanned or informal education

➢     Planned or formal education