Vocal Music in Two Worlds

prelude

  • musical life in the early classic period reflected the international culture that spread throughout europe during the enlightenment
  • shared humanity mattered more than national and linguistic differences so the ideal musical style was made up of the best features from all nations
  • galant style became the foundation for the classical style

where does classical music start

  • pre 19th century - mozart duh, haydn is okay, then beethoven, then everyone else
  • 19th century - bach is the father of all great german music and most great music is german
  • early 20th century - did anyone write good music between bach and mozart? nah
  • 20th century - hold up

general characteristics of the new style

  • focus on melody
  • periodicity - frequent resting points break the melodic flow into related segments
    • musical ideas were articulated through phrases that formed periods
    • creates a structure marked by frequent cadences and unified through small motivic correspondences
  • musical rhetoric - terminology borrowed from rhetoric
    • compared melody to sentences or composition to a speech
  • alberti bass
    • arpeggiated underlying chords in simple repeating pattern
  • form
    • coherence, differentiation of material according to its function
    • beginning, middle, or ending gesture; levels of relative strength
  • koch wrote the most thorough guide to melodic composition based on rhetorical principles
  • division of melody into phrases and periods is supported by harmony and shaped by weaker and stronger cadences, slower harmonic rhythm animated with rhythmic devices such as alberti bass
  • differentiation of musical material by function - each segment was recognizable as a beginning, middle, or ending statement
  • understanding that emotions were constantly changing introduced contrasting moods within phrases, movements and themes

opera buffa

  • more open to innovation because it didn’t have such a strong hold on tradition
  • opera buffa
    • full length sung through, satirical, comic cast complemented by serious characters
    • dialogue in rapid and sparsely accompanied recitative
    • arias in galant style
    • plots entertained, served moral purpose
    • focused on normal people
    • stock characters - often parodied commedia dell’arte and aristocrats
  • intermezzo
    • another form of italian comic opera with two or three contrasting or parodying musical interludes inserted between acts of a serious opera
    • alternating recitatives and arias
    • comic plots, two or three people, contrast the serious drama of the main plot
    • pergolesi - la serva padrona, relies heavily on humour, contrast, musical style is evolving to reflect humans’ internal dialogue
  • comic opera took different forms in different countries
    • homegrown comic opera librettos were always written in the national tongue and musical idiom
    • comic opera librettos written in the national tongue
    • accentuated national musical idioms
    • historical significance - comic opera responded to widespread demand for naturalness and anticipated the trend toward musical nationalism
  • opera comique
    • french opera buffa counterpart
    • consisted of pop music (vaudevilles) or simple melodies until an italian comic opera troupe visited paris and generated a mixed italian-french style (ariettes), which gradually replaced vaudevilles altogether
    • used spoken dialogue instead of recitative, dealt with social issues
    • gluck, gretry
  • ballad opera
    • rose to popularity in england after the beggar’s opera by john gay
    • music consists of popular tunes (ballads) set to new words and a few numbers that parody familiar operatic airs
    • signaled a general reaction in england against foreign opera
    • the entire genre is just to make fun of opera seria
  • german singspiel
    • success of english ballad opera inspired its revival
    • librettists adapted english ballad operas
    • translated or arranged french comic operas

the new world

  • opera didn’t become popular in the new world for a while because settlers had little time for entertainment, resources were scarce, population was scattered
  • puritans had disdain for theater and distrust of pleasure
  • spanish colonies carried on theatrical productions
  • early american music grew out of the religious traditions of settlers
    • villancicos in spanish colonies, french Catholic music in canada, english hymns in anglican churches in british north america
  • puritans of new england
    • calvinist - metrical psalms, rhyming, easily singable
    • published psalm books - bay psalm book, first book published in north america
    • singing schools were established and the availability of singers invited composers to write new music
    • billings new england psalm singer
  • moravians of pennsylvania and north carolina
    • cultivated sophisticated genres of german speaking protestants
    • concerted arias and motets in current styles
    • substantial sacred and secular music libraries
    • performed chamber music and symphonies

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