SCIENCE QUARTER 1 FLASHCARDS GRADE 11

This theory suggests that the universe

expands forever, constantly forming

new universes in a never-ending

inflation process. It happened after the big bang.

eternal inflation

rapid expansion of the universe

inflation

This theory is based on religious or

spiritual beliefs, stating that a divine

being created the universe and that the universe was created by a supreme being.

creationism

Creationism theory is also known as

the biblical theory

According to this theory, the universe

goes through repeated cycles of

expansion and contraction.

oscillating universe

What is the phenomenon that follows the oscillating universe theory. It is a phenomenon that signals the repeat of the cycle.

Big contraction

This theory proposes that the

universe has no beginning or end and

maintains a constant average density.

steady state

if the big bang cosmology states that matter dilutes as the universe expands, then what could be said about the stead-state cosmology.

Matter is constantly created as the universe expands

the theory that states that the universe us not only uniform in space but also unchanging in time

steady state theory

This theory emphasizes the role of

ionized gases and electromagnetic

forces in shaping the universe, rather

than gravity alone.

plasma universe

who is the man that fathered the steady state theory in the 1940s?

Fred Hoyle

who is the man that fathered the theory of the plasma universe?

Hannes Alfven

This theory states that the big bang never happened; that the universe is only a crisscross of electric current and magnetic field.

Plasma universe

This scientific theory suggests that

the universe began from a singularity

that expanded rapidly around 13.8

billion years ago.

Big bang

Who fathered the big bang theory in the 1920s?

George Lematire

This theory states that the universe began with a random fluctuation of subatomic particles that exploded

Big Bang theory

rocks that are "fire-born," meaning that they areformed from the cooling and solidification of molten(melted) rock.

igneous rocks

The word igneous derives from what latin word that means fire

ignis

Igneous rock that is cooled beneath the surface of the earth.

intrusive igneous rocks

What is the estimated cooling time for intrusive igneous rocks?

Thousands of years

Igneous rocks that are formed when magma comes out and cools on the surface of the earth

extrusive igneous rocks

What is the estimated cooling time for extrusive igneous rocks?

Seconds to months

Are types of rocks that forms whenmagma rises towards the surface andbecomes trapped underground andcooling for many years.

intrusive rocks

what are extrusive igneous rocks also known as?

volcanic rocks

types of rocks formed by the accumulation and compaction of sediments. These sediments are typically fragments of other rocks, minerals, and organic material that are deposited by water,wind, or ice.

sedimentary rocks

The process when rocks on the earth's surface are broken down into small pieces

weathering

The particles from weathering are then moved by _________

erosion

the process in which The broken pieces of rocks(sediments) are carried to newplaces by moving water, wind, or ice. As they travel, the sediments may get smaller, smoother, or more rounded

transportation

When the transporting force slows down or stops, the sediments settle and pile up in layers

deposition

where does deposition occur?

rivers, lakes, oceans, deserts, and swamps

the process in which Over time, more layers build up and press down on the layers below

compaction

the process in which Minerals from water fill the spaces between particles and glue them together

cementation

rocks that are made from small pieces of other rocks that have broken apart over time.

classic sedimentary rocks

examples of classic sedimentary rocks

sandstone from sand grains & shale from mud or clay

sedimentary rocks that are formed from minerals that were dissolved in water that later crystallize.

chemical sedimentary rocks

sedimentary rocks that are formed from remains of living things like plants and animals

organic sedimentary rocks

examples of chemical sedimentary rocks

rocksalt from evaporated water & Limestone from Calcium rich water

examples of organic sedimentary rocks

coal from plant remains & chalk from microscopic bones.

rocks that have been transformed from pre-existing rocks (called protoliths) through heat, pressure, and/or chemically active fluids, without melting

metamorphic

the process that changes the rock's mineral composition,texture, and sometimes chemical structure

metamorphism

The term used for the original rocks before it turns into a metamorphic rock.

protolith

during the process of metamorphism, the rock stays solid but it's inside structure changes. What three main forces are the cause of this?

Heat, pressure, fluids

The process when minerals flatten or line up, creating layers due to pressure

foliation

The phenomenon when the fluids change the rocks chemistry

metasomatism

The soft loose materail that covers the ground.

soil

when rocks break into smaller and smaller pieces over time. This happens because of different natural forces like the sun, wind,water, adn even tiny living things

weathering

Rocks break apart because of changes in temperature, strong winds, flowing water, or pressure

physical weathering

Rocks break down because of chemical changes, like when acid rain or rust causes them to weaken.

chemical weathering

the breaking down of rocks by living things such as plants, animals, humans, and microorganisms.

biological weathering

geographical activities that originate from within the earth, driven by internal energy

endogenic process

the type of magma with a 45-55% SiO content

Mafic

the type of magma with a 55=65% SiO content

intermediate

the type of magma with a 65-78% SiO content

felsic

It is the melting of mantle rock as it rises to an area with lower pressure. It is also known as the upward movement of Earth's mostly solid mantle

decompression melting

Molten rocks moves closer to the rocks, as the material slower in temperature. The heat transfers to neighboring rocks that has lower melting points.

heat transfer

Melting due to the addition of volatile compounds that lower the mantle's melting temperature

flux melting

the formation of igneous rocks from extruded lava during volcanic eruptions. Rocks are produced through the rapid cooling of lava on the Earth's surface inhibiting growth of crystals

volcanism

Igneous rocks are formed under the Earth's crust. The magma cools under high pressure over time allowing formation of large crystals on formed rocks.

plutonism.

A transition zone between the upper and lower continental crust.

Conrad Discontinuity.

Separates the crust from the mantle

Mohorovicic discontinuity

Marks the boundary between the mantle and the outer core

Gutenberg discontinuity

located between the inner and outer core

lehman discontinuity