9th Grade World History - Middle ages

Feudalism

The system of government in which rulers give protection and basic needs in return for ruling over those people

Manor

A piece of land given from a king to a lord on which Serfs/peasants would live

Excommunication

The act of expelling someone from christianity, causing them not being able to go to heaven

Tithe

A piece of Gifted land from a king to a Lord

Canon Law

Religious law

Guild

An association of people (usually traders) which helped each other create profits

Magna Carta

The paper that King John was forced to sign because the nobles rebelled over his rules (and brought an army). It protected the nobles from the king’s rule, but then was later negotiated to also give rights to commons.

Parliament

The primary Lawmaking body (legislature) of England that was created with the magna carta (Barons needed to oversee/advise King). There would be 2 houses; the house of Lords (Nobles), and the house of Commons (commoners)

Crusades

A series of campaigns launched by the Pope to conquer Jerusalem. Only the 1st was successful, all the others being massive bloodsheds for no reason.

Great Schism (1054)

The divide of the church in 1054 was due to Land and religious Problems with both sides excommunicating each other. The result was that there was a new group called the Orthodox

Inquisition

The movement created by King Ferdinand of Spain to have 1 religion. They would have the heresy tortured until they would convert

Heretics

People of other religion than Christianity

Crusade

A religious/holy war

Simony

The selling of church positions

Black Death/Plague

The sickness that came from Asia and spread throughout Europe with rats that had lice that carried the disease. It wiped out 1/3 of Europe

Justinian

Ruler of the Byzantine empire that moved the capital to Constantinople and expanded by conquering Roman Land. He beautified the city by building the largest church at the time

Charles Martel

A Majordomo (overseer of a royal household) who was the general in the battle of Tours which was the turning point in driving Islam out of Europe

Charlemagne/Charles the Great

Ruler of a Frankish Kingdom that expanded slowly until he unified the western half of the Roman Empire. He promoted education and got crowned emperor by saving the Pope

Lay Investiture

Church officials being elected by nobles/lords/kings

Commercial Revolution

When people started to move to cities and there was an increase in trade and a decrease in feudalism

100 Year War

The series of wars started by the English against the French because the French took Edward III’s land in France and there was no heir to the French throne, so Edward III wanted to be king.

Schism of 1414

When King Phillip of France moved the Pope capital from Rome to France, causing uproar. The French had Urban VI and the Romans had Clement which fought against each other. There was a 3rd Pope elected, but chaos ensued causing all to be fired

Franks

Community of people that lived in France/Switzerland during the middle ages

Monasteries

Religious communities secluded from the outside that would devote their life to God and copy books

Clergy

Religious officials

Lombard League

A league of Italian traders that was formed to defeat Fredrick I (German Ruler) who was invading italy

Papal Curia

The Pope’s advisors

Friar

People that would devote their life to Christianity in public, living as a beggar and trying to spread the religion

Burghers

Merchant/Artisan class people

Vernacular language

The language that was spoken

Papal Authority

The ability of the Pope being able to control Kings