Transport in Animals and Plants (Nutrients, Water, and Hormones)

human circulatory system

transports nutrients (by plasma), oxygen (by hemoglobin), white blood cells/antibodies, metabolic waste

plasma

liquid portion of blood, transports nutrients

hemoglobin

protein that carries oxygen

metabolic waste

substances left over from metabolic processes (such as cellular respiration) which cannot be used by the organism (they are surplus or toxic), and must therefore be excreted. This includes nitrogen compounds, water, CO2, phosphates, sulphates, etc.

left side

oxygen rich

right side

oxygen poor

open circulatory system

vessels open on one end, dumping blood into the body using hemolymph, which “bathes” all cells

open circulatory system

commonly found in insects and invertebrates

open circulatory system

• fast delivery of oxygen & nutrients
• only works in small organisms
• does not have any immune system mechanisms (white blood cell generation, killer t-cell production, etc)

closed circulatory system

human and endothermic animals have this

closed circulatory system

closed vessels, rely on diffusion out of vessels and into cells, using small capillaries to exchange nutrients

closed circulatory system

• can heal wounds by forming blood clots, maintain body temperature (homeostasis), but the transportation process is MUCH slower 

• (aorta —> arteries —> capillaries—> diffusion—> reaches cells)

  • Smaller and smaller and smaller until we  get to a size where diffusion can occur

separate

animals require _ circulatory system for nutrient and waste transport

open circulatory system

no distinction between circulatory and extracellular fluid

open circulatory system

heart is tubular and along length of animal

closed circulatory system

distinct circulatory fluid enclosed in blood vessels and transported away from and back to the heart, which is usually in one confined place in the animal

vertebrate closed systems

4 chambered heart, “true chamber-pump heart”

2

how many pumping chamber in a human heart?

first chamber

sinus venous and atrium

second chamber

ventricle and conus asteriosus

fish

blood is pumped to gills, then rest of the body

maximizes diffusion

fish rely on countercurrent blood flow

countercurrent blood flow

fish use it in their gills to transfer oxygen from the surrounding water into their blood

double circulation

in amphibians, lungs require a second pumping circuit

pulmonary circulation

moves blood between heart and lungs

systemic circulation

move blood between heart and rest of the body

3 chambered

amphibian heart

3 chambered

2 atria and 1 ventricle

amphibian heart

separation of pulmonary and systemic circulation is incomplete, “mixing occurs”

adaptations

amphibians living in water obtain additional oxygen by diffusion through skin

4 chambered

mammals, birds, and crocodiles

4 chambered

2 separate atria and 2 separate ventricles

right atrium

receives deoxygenated blood from the body and delivers it to the right ventricle

lung

right ventricle delivers blood to the lungs

left atrium

receives oxygenated blood from lungs and delivers it to the left ventricle, pumping it to the rest of the body