Psych Exam Memory

Memory

The nervous systems capacity to retain and retrieve and knowledge. Mutiple memory systems.

Long Term Memories

Physical changes in neural connections

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

Fire Together, Wire Together

HDAC Histone Deacetylases

Inhibit Gene Expression, HDAC is a molecular “brake”, Must block or turn of HDAC for memory to occur.

Cerebellum

Motor action learning and memory

Hippocampus

Spatial Memory

The prefrontal Cortex

Working memory

Temporal Lobe

Declarative memory

Amygdala

Fear Learning

Sensory Memory

Breif lasting <500 ms for iconic memory, Typically not in conscious awareness, “Cocktail party effect”, Allow us to experience reality as a continuous.

Iconic Memory

Visual

Echoic Memory

Sound

Haptic Memory

Touch

long-term memory

Consciousness, Working memory subsyetms work to provide a cohesive “story-like” experience, working memory is limited to 7 chunks +-2 sort of, rehearsel is required to store in LT memory

Long term memory

“Permanat Storage”, “Unlimited Storage, Practice makes LTM increase, there are mutiple types of LTM being episodic, semantic, Procedural, Priming

Episodic

Events that happen to you

Semantic

General knowledge of the world

Procedural

Motor

Priming

An exposure to one stimulus may influence a reponse to another stimulus

Explicit Memory

Requires conscious effort

Implicit Memory

It does not require conscnious effort

Classical

Associating two stimlus that Elicits a response

Encoding Specificity principle

State dependent learning, Learn something in a particular enviroment or circumstances and can only acess it then

Mnemonics

Help with recall, but does not help understanding

What is up with H.M?

He suffered from grand mal seziures. He had surgery to remove his medial temporal lobe including the hippocampus. He then lost the ability to remember new infromation for more then a few moments, but could remeber information he had known at the time of sugery.

Amnesia

A deficit in long-term memory resulting from disease, brain injury, or psychological trauma in which the individual loses the ability to retrieve vast quantities of information.

Retrograde Amnesia

A condition in which people lose past memories such as memories of events, facts, people, or even personal information

Anterograde amnesia

A condition in which people lose the ability to form new memories

Encoding

The process by which the perception of a stimulus or event gets transformed into a memory.

Schemas

Cognitive structures in long-term memory that help us perceive, organize, and understand information.

Chunking

Organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember.

Working Memory

A limited capacity cognitive system that temporarily stores and manipulates information for current use.

Serial position effect

The finding that the ability to recall items from a list depends on the order of presentation, such that items presented early or late in the list are remembered better than those in the middle.

Consolidation

The gradual process of memory storage in the brain.

Flashbulb memories

Vivid episodic memories for the circumstances in which people first learned of a surprising and consequential or emotionally arousing event.

Reconsolidation

The re-storage of memory after retrieval.

Retrieval Cue

Any stimulus that promotes memory recall.

Prospective Memory

Remembering to do something at some future time.

Retrieval-Induced Forgetting

Impairment of the ability to recall an item in the future after retrieving a related item from long-term memory.

Proactive Interference

 Interference that occurs when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information.

Retroactive interference

Interference that occurs when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information.

Blocking

The temporary inability to remember something.

Absentmindedness

The inattentive or shallow encoding of events.

Persistence

The continual recurrence of unwanted memories.

Memory Bias

The changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs or attitudes.

Source Misattribution

Memory distortion that occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory.

Source Amnesia

A type of misattribution that occurs when people have a memory for an event but cannot remember where they encountered the information.

Cryptomnesia

A type of misattribution that occurs when people think they have come up with a new idea yet have retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source.

Suggestibility

The development of biased memories from misleading information.