adolescent psychology chapter 5

what are. age-segregated peer groups specific to

modern industrialized societies

Age grading in education

• (students grouped by age) led to the rise of adolescent peer groups.

what shifted socialization from families to peers

Modernization and compulsory education

why peer groups are necessary today

schools prepare youth for adulthood via shared norms

adolescents learn better and behave more prosocially with peers than alone

what changes do you see in peer groups during adolscence

increased time spent with peers over adults

more unsupervised peer interactions

shift from same-sex to mixed-sex groups, especially around the start of high school

cliques

• Small, tightly-knit groups (avg. 5–6 people).

• Usually same age and gender.

  • Based on shared interests or close friendships.

crowds

• Larger, reputation-based groups (e.g., “jocks,” “nerds”).

• Not always based on actual interaction.

  • Serve as reference groups that influence norms, behaviors, and identity

what becomes less important as adolescents mature

crowds

what do adolescents go from in late adolescence

group socialization to couple based interactions

what crowds help in during early adolescence

identity development

age grading

the process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age

adolescents fall along dimensions of

• Involvement in peer culture

  • Involvement in adult institutions

adolescents are similar to their friends in

atitudes

academic performance

behaviors

selection

choosing similar peers

socialization

becoming similar over time

popularity

Linked to physical attractiveness, confidence, and social skills.

Sociometric popularity:

being well-liked.

Perceived popularity:

seen as popular, not necessarily liked.

rejection

Leads to loneliness, depression, and antisocial behavior.

bullying includes

relational aggression and cyberbullying.

victims of bullying

• often experience long-term emotional harm.

bullies may have

antisocial peer groups or belong to gangs

what boost well-being and school performance

positive peer relationships

poor peer relationships are linked to

• Delinquency

• Academic failure

• Mental health issues