Blood and immunity

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26 Terms

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Name the 4 components in blood

  1. Plasma

  2. Red blood cells

  3. White blood cells

  4. Platelets

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Plasma

Plasma is a straw colored liquid consisting mostly of water.

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Function of plasma

Transports dissolved substances:

  • carbon dioxide

  • digested food

  • urea

  • hormones

  • heat

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Why does plasma contain a lot of heat energy?

important for maintaining a constant temperature for enzymes.

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Blood plasma and carbon dioxide

  • Carbon dioxide released during respiration.

  • Carried in the blood to the lungs, where it is excreted.

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Blood plasma and digested food

  • Glucose and amino acids are transported in the plasma to cells.

  • Glucose and amino acids are then respired or converted into new compounds.

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Blood plasm and Urea

  • Urea is formed from the breakdown of proteins.

  • Carried to the kidney’s for excretion.

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Blood plasma and hormones

  • Hormones are created by glands.

  • Released into the bloodstream to work on target cells.

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Red blood cells

Transports oxygen around the body.

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Adaptations of red blood cells

  1. Biconcave shape - increases surface area for gas exchange.

  2. Hemoglobin - contains iron (and protein) that binds to oxygen.

  3. No nucleus - increases space for hemoglobin to occupy.

  4. Small and flexible - allows red blood cell to squeeze through capillaries.

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White blood cells

  • Controls the immune system (fights against foreign pathogens.)

  • Made in the bone marrow

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White blood cells - Phagocytes

  • engulf and digest pathogens

  • release enzymes to digest them

  • target all foreign cells (they are non-specific)

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White blood cells - Lymphocytes

  • produce and release antibodies to neutralize pathogens.

  • antibodies immobilize the pathogen

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White blood cells - Agglutination

antibodies bind to pathogens and cause them to clump together.

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White blood cells - antitoxin

  • neutralize harmful substances released by pathogens.

  • this response is specific for each pathogen.

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First stage of immunity

  • takes several days for specific antibodies for a pathogen to be created.

  • human develops symptoms.

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Second stage of immunity

  • Some lymphocytes develop into memory cells.

  • memory cells contain the information to create the antibody for a specific illness.

  • if the human is re-infected with the same pathogen, these antibodies will be made more rapidly and in greater number.

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Pathogen mutation

  • pathogens change their shape so antibodies will not bind.

  • leads to several strains of pathogen (eg. Covid-19)

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Platelets

  • fragments of cells involved in blood clotting.

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What do platelets do when you get a cut?

  • when skin becomes damaged, platelets become sticky and adhere to the damaged region (forms a solid.)

  • cause vasoconstriction - reduces blood flow through damaged region.

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Fibrinogen

  • soluble protein

  • converted into fibrous

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Fibrin

  • fibrous protein

  • fibrin fibres form a mesh across the wound and traps blood cells to form a scab.

  • prevents excessive blood loss and the entry of pathogens into the blood stream.

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What is a vaccine?

a dead of modified pathogen is injected into the patient.

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What do vaccines stimulate?

  • the immune response

  • if the disease is contracted, symptoms will NOT develop.

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Primary immune response to antigen

occurs after a delay.

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Secondary response to antigen

response is faster and larger.