Sampling Bias and Data Collection Techniques in Research

These flashcards cover key concepts related to sampling bias, sampling techniques, data collection methods, and statistical analysis as discussed in the lecture.

Sampling Bias

A distortion of statistical analysis results due to a sample that is not representative of the population being studied.

Homogeneous Sample

A sample that consists of similar characteristics among all participants, reducing sampling bias.

Probability Sampling

A sampling method where every member of the population has a known chance of being selected, ensuring a representative sample.

Non-Probability Sampling

A sampling method where the selection of participants is based on subjective judgment rather than random selection.

Inclusion Criteria

The characteristics that participants must have to be included in a study.

Exclusion Criteria

The characteristics that disqualify potential participants from being included in a study.

Power Analysis

A statistical calculation to determine the necessary sample size needed to detect an effect in a study.

Confidence Interval

A range of values that is likely to contain the population parameter with a specified level of confidence.

P-value

A statistical measure that indicates the probability of observing the data assuming the null hypothesis is true.

Effect Size

A measure of the strength of a phenomenon or the size of the difference between groups.

Test-Retest Reliability

The consistency of a measure when it is administered to the same participants on different occasions.

Inter-Rater Reliability

The degree of agreement among raters or observers measuring the same phenomenon.

Descriptive Statistics

Statistics that summarize the basic features of the data in a study.

Inferential Statistics

Methods that allow inferences and predictions to be made about a population based on a sample.

Quota Sampling

A non-probability sampling technique that involves choosing a specific number of participants from different strata.

Randomization

The process of assigning participants to different groups in a study by chance.