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Erythrocytes
Red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport.
Hemostasis
Process to stop bleeding through clot formation.
Clot retraction
Shrinking of clot to approximate wound edges.
Fibrinolysis
Removal of clot when no longer needed.
Plasmin
Key enzyme that dissolves fibrin in clots.
Plasminogen
Inactive precursor of plasmin in blood clots.
tPA
Activates plasminogen to plasmin for clot removal.
Antithrombin III
Plasma protein that inhibits thrombin activity.
Protein C
Inactivates procoagulants in intrinsic pathway.
Heparin
Enhances antithrombin III to prevent clotting.
Thrombus
Persistent clot in an unbroken blood vessel.
Embolus
Thrombus that has detached and travels in blood.
Thromboembolytic conditions
Undesirable clotting within blood vessels.
Vascular spasms
Constrict blood vessels to reduce blood flow.
Procoagulation factors
Promote clot formation in the blood.
Anticoagulation factors
Prevent excessive clotting in the blood.
Endothelial cells
Line blood vessels and release tPA.
Smooth endothelial lining
Prevents undesirable clotting by blocking collagen access.
Low dose aspirin
Prevents thrombus formation in heart attack patients.
Streptokinase
Drug that dissolves clots by activating plasmin.
Clot formation balance
Requires more procoagulants than anticoagulants.
Thrombocytopenia
Low platelet count causing easy bruising.
Platelet count threshold
Defined as less than 150,000/µl.
Whole blood transfusion
Temporary relief for blood loss or thrombocytopenia.
Impaired liver function
Causes reduced procoagulants and bile production.
Vitamin K absorption
Bile is essential for vitamin K absorption.
Hemophilia A
Deficiency of factor VIII, most common hemophilia.
Hemophilia B
Deficiency of factor IX, sex-linked disorder.
Erythropoiesis
Increased red blood cell production after blood loss.
Blood loss effects
15-30% loss causes weakness; >30% induces shock.
Packed red cells
Used for anemia treatment in transfusions.
Citrate dextrose
Anticoagulant used in stored donor blood.
ABO blood groups
Determines compatibility and transfusion reactions.
Universal donor
Type O blood can be given to anyone.
Universal recipient
Type AB blood can receive from all types.
Rh factor prevalence
~85% of North Americans are Rh positive.
Rh antibodies
Formed only after exposure to Rh antigens.
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Condition in Rh- mothers with Rh+ fetuses.
RhoGAM
Anti-Rh serum preventing fetal hemolytic disease.
Transfusion reactions
Caused by recipient's antibodies against donor blood.
Agglutination
Clumping of RBCs blocking blood flow.
Hemolysis
Destruction of RBCs releasing hemoglobin.
Autologous transfusion
Patient's own blood transfused before surgery.
Pericardium
Outer covering of the heart, protects and anchors.
Myocardium
Cardiac muscle forming the bulk of the heart.
Endocardium
Inner layer of heart, continuous with blood vessel endothelium.
Atria
Upper chambers receiving blood from the body and lungs.
Ventricles
Lower chambers pumping blood to the lungs and body.
Tricuspid Valve
Valve between right atrium and right ventricle.
Mitral Valve
Valve between left atrium and left ventricle.
Pulmonary Valve
Valve from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk.
Aortic Valve
Valve from left ventricle to aorta.
Coronary Circulation
Blood supply to the heart muscle itself.
Coronary Arteries
Right and left arteries branching from the aorta.
Pulmonary Circuit
Pathway for blood from right ventricle to lungs.
Systemic Circuit
Pathway for blood from left ventricle to body.
Chamber Thickness
Left ventricle walls are 3X thicker than right.
Coronary Sulcus
Groove encircling the heart, separating atria and ventricles.
Trabeculae Carneae
Muscle bundles in the ventricles' internal walls.
Papillary Muscles
Muscles linking chordae tendineae to heart valves.
Chordae Tendineae
Tendons connecting papillary muscles to heart valves.
Valvular Insufficiency
Incompetent valves that do not close completely.
Valvular Stenosis
Stiff valves due to calcification or scar tissue.
Fossa Ovalis
Depression in the right atrium, remnant of foramen ovale.
Pectinate Muscles
Muscle bundles found in the atrial walls.
Anastomoses
Connections between coronary arteries providing alternate blood routes.
Angina Pectoris
Chest pain due to reduced blood flow to heart.
Myocardial Infarction
Heart attack caused by blockage of coronary arteries.
