ANP_LEC#2

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport.

Hemostasis

Process to stop bleeding through clot formation.

Clot retraction

Shrinking of clot to approximate wound edges.

Fibrinolysis

Removal of clot when no longer needed.

Plasmin

Key enzyme that dissolves fibrin in clots.

Plasminogen

Inactive precursor of plasmin in blood clots.

tPA

Activates plasminogen to plasmin for clot removal.

Antithrombin III

Plasma protein that inhibits thrombin activity.

Protein C

Inactivates procoagulants in intrinsic pathway.

Heparin

Enhances antithrombin III to prevent clotting.

Thrombus

Persistent clot in an unbroken blood vessel.

Embolus

Thrombus that has detached and travels in blood.

Thromboembolytic conditions

Undesirable clotting within blood vessels.

Vascular spasms

Constrict blood vessels to reduce blood flow.

Procoagulation factors

Promote clot formation in the blood.

Anticoagulation factors

Prevent excessive clotting in the blood.

Endothelial cells

Line blood vessels and release tPA.

Smooth endothelial lining

Prevents undesirable clotting by blocking collagen access.

Low dose aspirin

Prevents thrombus formation in heart attack patients.

Streptokinase

Drug that dissolves clots by activating plasmin.

Clot formation balance

Requires more procoagulants than anticoagulants.

Thrombocytopenia

Low platelet count causing easy bruising.

Platelet count threshold

Defined as less than 150,000/µl.

Whole blood transfusion

Temporary relief for blood loss or thrombocytopenia.

Impaired liver function

Causes reduced procoagulants and bile production.

Vitamin K absorption

Bile is essential for vitamin K absorption.

Hemophilia A

Deficiency of factor VIII, most common hemophilia.

Hemophilia B

Deficiency of factor IX, sex-linked disorder.

Erythropoiesis

Increased red blood cell production after blood loss.

Blood loss effects

15-30% loss causes weakness; >30% induces shock.

Packed red cells

Used for anemia treatment in transfusions.

Citrate dextrose

Anticoagulant used in stored donor blood.

ABO blood groups

Determines compatibility and transfusion reactions.

Universal donor

Type O blood can be given to anyone.

Universal recipient

Type AB blood can receive from all types.

Rh factor prevalence

~85% of North Americans are Rh positive.

Rh antibodies

Formed only after exposure to Rh antigens.

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Condition in Rh- mothers with Rh+ fetuses.

RhoGAM

Anti-Rh serum preventing fetal hemolytic disease.

Transfusion reactions

Caused by recipient's antibodies against donor blood.

Agglutination

Clumping of RBCs blocking blood flow.

Hemolysis

Destruction of RBCs releasing hemoglobin.

Autologous transfusion

Patient's own blood transfused before surgery.

Pericardium

Outer covering of the heart, protects and anchors.

Myocardium

Cardiac muscle forming the bulk of the heart.

Endocardium

Inner layer of heart, continuous with blood vessel endothelium.

Atria

Upper chambers receiving blood from the body and lungs.

Ventricles

Lower chambers pumping blood to the lungs and body.

Tricuspid Valve

Valve between right atrium and right ventricle.

Mitral Valve

Valve between left atrium and left ventricle.

Pulmonary Valve

Valve from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk.

Aortic Valve

Valve from left ventricle to aorta.

Coronary Circulation

Blood supply to the heart muscle itself.

Coronary Arteries

Right and left arteries branching from the aorta.

Pulmonary Circuit

Pathway for blood from right ventricle to lungs.

Systemic Circuit

Pathway for blood from left ventricle to body.

Chamber Thickness

Left ventricle walls are 3X thicker than right.

Coronary Sulcus

Groove encircling the heart, separating atria and ventricles.

Trabeculae Carneae

Muscle bundles in the ventricles' internal walls.

Papillary Muscles

Muscles linking chordae tendineae to heart valves.

Chordae Tendineae

Tendons connecting papillary muscles to heart valves.

Valvular Insufficiency

Incompetent valves that do not close completely.

Valvular Stenosis

Stiff valves due to calcification or scar tissue.

Fossa Ovalis

Depression in the right atrium, remnant of foramen ovale.

Pectinate Muscles

Muscle bundles found in the atrial walls.

Anastomoses

Connections between coronary arteries providing alternate blood routes.

Angina Pectoris

Chest pain due to reduced blood flow to heart.

Myocardial Infarction

Heart attack caused by blockage of coronary arteries.