ANP_LEC#2

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68 Terms

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Erythrocytes

Red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport.

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Hemostasis

Process to stop bleeding through clot formation.

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Clot retraction

Shrinking of clot to approximate wound edges.

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Fibrinolysis

Removal of clot when no longer needed.

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Plasmin

Key enzyme that dissolves fibrin in clots.

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Plasminogen

Inactive precursor of plasmin in blood clots.

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tPA

Activates plasminogen to plasmin for clot removal.

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Antithrombin III

Plasma protein that inhibits thrombin activity.

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Protein C

Inactivates procoagulants in intrinsic pathway.

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Heparin

Enhances antithrombin III to prevent clotting.

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Thrombus

Persistent clot in an unbroken blood vessel.

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Embolus

Thrombus that has detached and travels in blood.

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Thromboembolytic conditions

Undesirable clotting within blood vessels.

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Vascular spasms

Constrict blood vessels to reduce blood flow.

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Procoagulation factors

Promote clot formation in the blood.

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Anticoagulation factors

Prevent excessive clotting in the blood.

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Endothelial cells

Line blood vessels and release tPA.

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Smooth endothelial lining

Prevents undesirable clotting by blocking collagen access.

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Low dose aspirin

Prevents thrombus formation in heart attack patients.

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Streptokinase

Drug that dissolves clots by activating plasmin.

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Clot formation balance

Requires more procoagulants than anticoagulants.

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Thrombocytopenia

Low platelet count causing easy bruising.

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Platelet count threshold

Defined as less than 150,000/µl.

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Whole blood transfusion

Temporary relief for blood loss or thrombocytopenia.

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Impaired liver function

Causes reduced procoagulants and bile production.

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Vitamin K absorption

Bile is essential for vitamin K absorption.

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Hemophilia A

Deficiency of factor VIII, most common hemophilia.

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Hemophilia B

Deficiency of factor IX, sex-linked disorder.

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Erythropoiesis

Increased red blood cell production after blood loss.

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Blood loss effects

15-30% loss causes weakness; >30% induces shock.

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Packed red cells

Used for anemia treatment in transfusions.

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Citrate dextrose

Anticoagulant used in stored donor blood.

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ABO blood groups

Determines compatibility and transfusion reactions.

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Universal donor

Type O blood can be given to anyone.

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Universal recipient

Type AB blood can receive from all types.

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Rh factor prevalence

~85% of North Americans are Rh positive.

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Rh antibodies

Formed only after exposure to Rh antigens.

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Erythroblastosis fetalis

Condition in Rh- mothers with Rh+ fetuses.

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RhoGAM

Anti-Rh serum preventing fetal hemolytic disease.

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Transfusion reactions

Caused by recipient's antibodies against donor blood.

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Agglutination

Clumping of RBCs blocking blood flow.

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Hemolysis

Destruction of RBCs releasing hemoglobin.

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Autologous transfusion

Patient's own blood transfused before surgery.

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Pericardium

Outer covering of the heart, protects and anchors.

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Myocardium

Cardiac muscle forming the bulk of the heart.

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Endocardium

Inner layer of heart, continuous with blood vessel endothelium.

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Atria

Upper chambers receiving blood from the body and lungs.

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Ventricles

Lower chambers pumping blood to the lungs and body.

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Tricuspid Valve

Valve between right atrium and right ventricle.

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Mitral Valve

Valve between left atrium and left ventricle.

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Pulmonary Valve

Valve from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk.

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Aortic Valve

Valve from left ventricle to aorta.

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Coronary Circulation

Blood supply to the heart muscle itself.

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Coronary Arteries

Right and left arteries branching from the aorta.

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Pulmonary Circuit

Pathway for blood from right ventricle to lungs.

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Systemic Circuit

Pathway for blood from left ventricle to body.

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Chamber Thickness

Left ventricle walls are 3X thicker than right.

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Coronary Sulcus

Groove encircling the heart, separating atria and ventricles.

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Trabeculae Carneae

Muscle bundles in the ventricles' internal walls.

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Papillary Muscles

Muscles linking chordae tendineae to heart valves.

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Chordae Tendineae

Tendons connecting papillary muscles to heart valves.

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Valvular Insufficiency

Incompetent valves that do not close completely.

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Valvular Stenosis

Stiff valves due to calcification or scar tissue.

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Fossa Ovalis

Depression in the right atrium, remnant of foramen ovale.

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Pectinate Muscles

Muscle bundles found in the atrial walls.

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Anastomoses

Connections between coronary arteries providing alternate blood routes.

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Angina Pectoris

Chest pain due to reduced blood flow to heart.

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Myocardial Infarction

Heart attack caused by blockage of coronary arteries.